Table 1.
The echocardiographic and other parameters prior (PRE) enrolling the experiment and post (POST) induction of the diseases for 2 mo.
| CT |
DM |
CM |
DMCM |
|||||||||
| Parameters | PRE | POST | P | PRE | POST | P | PRE | POST | P | PRE | POST | P |
| BW (g) | 286 (262–320) | 329 (309–342) | = 0.0026* | 283 (267–309) | 300 (268–315) | = 0.6455 | 304 (259–328) | 336 (316–352) | = 0.0026* | 297 (266–321) | 253 (226–277) | = 0.0009* |
| BG (mg/dL) | 127 (118–151) | 137 (111–161) | = 0.9259 | 135 (116–164) | 475 (442–501) | < 0.0001* | 128 (87–158) | 107 (92–140) | = 0.6610 | 131 (106–153) | 473 (422–502) | < 0.0001* |
| LVIDd (mm) | 7.5 (7.3–7.8) | 8.0 (7.5–8.3) | = 0.0069 | 7.5 (7.3–7.8) | 7.4 (6.7–7.6) | = 0.1199 | 7.9 (7.6–8.3) | 8.8 (8.5–9.1) | < 0.0001* | 7.8 (7.5–8.2) | 7.8 (7.4–8.2) | = 0.6722 |
| LVIDs (mm) | 4.5 (4.0–4.7) | 5.3 (4.8–5.4) | = 0.0004* | 4.6 (4.2–4.7) | 4.4 (4.3–4.8) | = 0.7654 | 4.8 (4.5-5.1) | 5.8 5.5–6.1) | = 0.0001* | 4.9 (4.2–5.2) | 4.9 (3.4–5.3) | = 0.7351 |
| LVPWd (mm) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 1.6 (1.6–1.8) | = 0.0595 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | = 0.0336* | 1.8 (1.6-1.9) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | = 0.0051* | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | = 0.0065* |
| LVPWs (mm) | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 2.2 (2.2–2.4) | = 0.0079* | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) | 2.5 (2.0–2.5) | = 0.0063* | 2.6 (2.3-2.7) | 2.8 (2.7–2.9) | = 0.0024* | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 2.8 (2.0–3.1) | = 0.4045 |
| LVM (mg) | 757 (683–845) | 757 (693–775) | = 0.4420 | 712 (626–759) | 518 (463–544) | = 0.0002* | 742 (685–790) | 1075 (945–1117) | < 0.0001* | 697 (640–741) | 640 (532–741) | = 0.1084 |
| HR (bpm) | 353 (348–356) | 320 (293–323) | < 0.0001* | 335 (320–347) | 270 (251–275) | < 0.0001* | 330 (319–345) | 290 (283–300) | = 0.0002* | 328 (299–342) | 222 (214–231) | < 0.0001* |
| E (cm/s) | 121 (118–126) | 111 (107–120) | = 0.0041* | 114 (110–120) | 77 (74–82) | < 0.0001* | 118 (115–120) | 89 (74–98) | < 0.0001* | 118 (111–123) | 74 (59–76) | < 0.0001* |
| A (cm/s) | FU | FU | FU | PF | FU | FU, PF, SP | FU | SP | ||||
| Septal s’ (cm/s) | 4.1 (3.9–5.0) | 3.5 (2.9–6.3) | = 0.0649 | 4.3 (3.8–4.6) | 2.9 (2.7–3.2) | < 0.0001* | 4.2 (3.4–4.4) | 3.6 (2.9–3.9) | = 0.3187 | 3.8 (3.7–5.0) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | < 0.0001* |
| Septal e’ (cm/s) | 4.9 (4.2–5.4) | 4.6 (4.2-4.9) | = 0.3751 | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 3.6 (3.3–3.7) | < 0.0001* | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 4.4 (3.9–5.1) | = 0.6001 | 4.6 (4.3–4.8) | 2.9 (2.6–3.5) | < 0.0001* |
| Septal a’ (cm/s) | 5.3 (5.2–5.3) | 3.6 (3.1–5.6) | = 0.2736 | 6.3 (5.0–6.7) | 4.0 (3.6–4.8) | < 0.0001* | 4.7 (4.5–5.0) | 4.5 (3.6–5.3) | = 0.2441 | 4.4 (4.0–7.3) | 3.6 (3.1–3.9) | < 0.0001* |
| E/Septal e’ | 24.3 (22.4–28.5) | 24.3 (24.0–25.5) | = 0.7669 | 24.4 (22.2–29.5) | 21.9 (20.1–22.7) | = 0.0397* | 26.6 (25.6-28.7) | 19.2 (16.0–23.4) | < 0.0001* | 25.7 (23.0–28.6) | 24.6 (20.5–28.0) | = 0.5056 |
| Posterior s’ (cm/s) | 5.5 (4.4–8.5) | 4.8 (4.5–4.9) | = 0.1956 | 6.0 (5.7–6.3) | 3.7 (3.3–3.9) | < 0.0001* | 4.5 (4.4–4.7) | 5.3 (4.4–5.8) | = 0.0555 | 5.5 (5.3–6.2) | 3.3 (3.0–3.8) | < 0.0001* |
| Posterior e’ (cm/s) | 6.0 (5.7–6.4) | 5.7 (3.9–5.8) | = 0.0007* | 7.3 (7.0–7.5) | 4.2 (3.6–5.5) | < 0.0001* | 4.9 (4.5–5.7) | 4.6 (4.1–4.9) | = 0.1017 | 6.9 (6.6–7.0) | 4.3 (3.5–4.7) | < 0.0001* |
| Posterior a’ (cm/s) | 5.0 (4.7–5.3) | 5.7 (5.5–6.1) | < 0.0001* | 7.1 (6.4–7.5) | 5.0 (4.6–5.1) | < 0.0001* | 5.7 (5.4–6.0) | 5.3 (5.1–6.5) | = 0.7040 | 5.0 (4.0–6.3) | 3.9 (3.0–4.5) | = 0.0008* |
| E/ Posterior e’ | 19.6 (18.8–21.2) | 21.7 (19.0–28.3) | = 0.0540 | 15.5 (14.9–18.1) | 18.3 (14.6–22.0) | = 0.0658 | 23.7 (21.1–26.8) | 18.1 (17.4–21.0) | = 0.0026* | 17.1 (16.1–18.2) | 17.2 (13.7–21.4) | > 0.9999 |
| LV length (mm) | 10.6 (10.4–10.8) | 11.1 (10.6–11.1) | = 0.0532 | 9.4 (9.1–11.3) | 9.0 (9.0–10.5) | = 0.2020 | 9.9 (9.0–11.2) | 11.7 (11.0–12.2) | < 0.0001* | 10.0 (9.6–10.7) | 9.0 (8.2–9.3) | < 0.0001* |
| IVRT (ms) | 21 (20–23) | 20 (15–23) | = 0.2321 | 20 (20–23) | 29 (27–29) | < 0.0001* | 21 (19–23) | 24 (24–27) | < 0.0001* | 21 (20–21) | 43 (40–48) | < 0.0001* |
| RVOT pV (cm/s) | 94 (86–99) | 101 (90–102) | = 0.2285 | 95 (86–103) | 76 (61–81) | = 0.0001* | 87 (78–107) | 77 (73–85) | = 0.0338* | 95 (87–107) | 64 (60–66) | < 0.0001* |
| LVOT pV (cm/s) | 117 (114–123) | 113 (109–117) | = 0.0302* | 123 (112–149) | 80 (76–82) | < 0.0001* | 119 (112–127) | 112 (92–119) | = 0.0257* | 117 (114–126) | 61 (55–65) | < 0.0001* |
| PEP (ms) | 25 (25–28) | 24 (24–27) | = 0.2542 | 24 (21–27) | 32 (24–35) | = 0.0002* | 27 (24–28) | 28 (24–29) | = 0.9999 | 24 (21–27) | 33 (32–37) | < 0.0001* |
| ET (ms) | 85 (78–98) | 81 (78–86) | = 0.3713 | 90 (80–96) | 100 (78–105) | = 0.1374 | 92 (82–101) | 77 (74–84) | = 0.0024* | 88 (78–92) | 113 (112–126) | < 0.0001* |
| Total IVPG | 2.57 (2.40–2.72) | 2.30 (2.28–2.72) | = 0.3397 | 2.52 (2.44–2.79) | 1.96 (1.85–2.11) | < 0.0001* | 2.48 (2.35–2.61) | 2.13 (1.83–2.30) | < 0.0001* | 2.21 (2.14–2.49) | 1.36 (1.20–1.73) | < 0.0001* |
| Basal IVPG | 1.62 (1.53–1.73) | 1.51 (1.44–1.54) | = 0.0565 | 1.81 (1.65–1.91) | 1.17 (1.07–1.33) | < 0.0001* | 1.71 (1.60–1.87) | 1.32 (1.18–1.60) | = 0.0031* | 1.55 (1.47–1.75) | 0.85 (0.68–1.08) | < 0.0001* |
| Mid IVPG | 0.60 (0.54–0.69) | 0.67 (0.64–0.70) | = 0.0867 | 0.58 (0.54–0.74) | 0.65 (0.60–0.67) | = 0.2806 | 0.56 (0.44–0.66) | 0.53 (0.45–0.61) | = 0.5874 | 0.57 (0.45–0.60) | 0.44 (0.35–0.48) | = 0.0003* |
| Apical IVPG | 0.20 (0.13–0.22) | 0.14 (0.09–0.20) | = 0.0871 | 0.20 (0.16–0.24) | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | = 0.0489* | 0.21 (0.15–0.26) | 0.18 (0.16–0.26) | = 0.8941 | 0.20 (0.16–0.23) | 0.11 (0.07–0.15) | < 0.0001* |
| Midapical IVPG | 0.77 (0.74–0.82) | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) | = 0.2797 | 0.77 (0.69–0.89) | 0.78 (0.75–0.85) | = 0.9918 | 0.77 (0.70–0.82) | 0.72 (0.62–0.79) | = 0.2287 | 0.72 (0.68–0.82) | 0.55 (0.42–0.58) | < 0.0001* |
BW body weight, BG blood glucose, LVIDd left ventricular internal diameter at diastole, LVIDs left ventricular internal diameter at systole, LVPWd left ventricular posterior wall at diastole, LVPWs left ventricular posterior wall at systole, LVM left ventricular mass, HR heart rate, E peak velocity of early diastole, A peak velocity of late diastole, Sepal s’, e’ and a’ tissue Doppler of systolic, early diastolic, and late diastolic wave velocities at septal mitral annulus, Posterior s’, e’ and a’ tissue Doppler of systolic, early diastolic, and late diastolic wave velocities at posterior mitral annulus, LV length left ventricular length (measured from closed mitral valve (early systole) to apex in apical 4-chamber view), IVRT isovolumic relaxation time, RVOT right ventricular outflow tract, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, PEP preejection period, ET ejection time, IVPG intraventricular pressure gradient (mm Hg/cm), CT control group, DM diabetic group, CM cardiomyopathic group, DMCM diabetic and cardiomyopathic group, FU fusion of E and A waves, PF partial fusion of E and A waves, SP separation of E and A waves.
P < 0.05 PRE compared with POST