Table 1.
Participant Demographics and Neuropsychological Testing Information
| Younger Adults | Older Adults | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Demographics | ||
| N | 40 | 38 |
| Age (years) | 23.18 (4.28) | 67.26 (5.99) |
| Sex (F/M) | 20/20 | 28/10 |
| Education | 16.35 (2.53) | 16.51 (2.38) |
| MMSE | 29.15 (0.95) | 28.5 (1.08) |
| GDS | 0.78 (1.12) | 0.57 (0.73) |
| Language and Reading | ||
| Vocabulary | 51.53 (8.95) | 54.70 (6.10) |
| Author Recognition* | 13.85 (8.62) | 32.81 (14.58) |
| Magazine Recognition* | 12.70 (7.12) | 25.57 (5.91) |
| Verbal Fluency | 61.58 (17.57) | 61.62 (18.92) |
| Memory | ||
| Immediate Recall | 11.63 (2.02) | 10.89 (2.14) |
| Delayed Recall* | 10.60 (2.33) | 8.79 (2.64) |
| Forward Digit Span | 7.08 (1.00) | 7.11 (1.13) |
| Backward Digit Span | 5.25 (1.21) | 4.89 (1.25) |
| Processing | ||
| Digit Symbol* | 1295.06 (212.20) | 1831.67 (310.48) |
| Simple Speed* | 259.12 (32.13) | 280.38 (44.94) |
| Complex Speed* | 276.20 (25.26) | 329.69 (60.86) |
| MRI Data Quality | ||
| Motion* | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.07) |
| Invalid Scans* | 6.38 (6.99) | 9.73 (7.26) |
Note. Tasks included the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) vocabulary and digit symbol subtests (Tombaugh, Kozak, & Rees, 1999; Wechsler, 1997); phonemic (F, A, S) and categorical (animals) fluency; the Califorina Verbal Learning Test to assess immediate and delayed recall (Alexander, Stuss, & Fansabedian, 2003); forward and backward digit span to test working memory; simple and choice reaction time tests to assess speed; and the author recognition and magazine recognition tests to assess reading habits (Acheson, Wells, & MacDonald, 2008).
*
Scores for which there was a significant age difference, p < .05