FIGURE 1.

Effects of roflumilast (solid line) and roflumilast N-oxide (dashed line) on the release of TNF-α from LPS-stimulated human bronchial explants. The explants were incubated with roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide (0.1–1,000 nM) or vehicle before addition of LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h. The data are quoted as the mean ± SEM of 8 different experiments and are expressed as the percentage of maximum release of TNF-α following LPS and vehicle (0.1% DMSO).