Table 1.
Outcome, medical/medication use, diseases and patient characteristics by type of antibiotics
| Variable | Overall | FLQ | CIP | LVX | MXF | AMX | AZM | LEX | AMC | None |
| N | 1 009 925 | 328 654 | 234 994 | 155 991 | 14 728 | 259 125 | 308 985 | 195 731 | 179 616 | 356 364 |
| Tendon rupture | 34 880 (3.5) | 12 517 (3.8) | 8811 (3.7) | 5904 (3.8) | 770 (5.2) | 9636 (3.7) | 12 448 (4.0) | 8019 (4.1) | 6622 (3.7) | 10 169 (2.9) |
| Death | 46 468 (4.6) | 23 249 (7.1) | 14 821 (6.3) | 14 610 (9.4) | 2136 (14.5) | 9632 (3.7) | 14 608 (4.7) | 11 394 (5.8) | 9951 (5.5) | 13 645 (3.8) |
| Censored at HMO entry | 127 162 (12.6) | 27 573 (8.4) | 19 847 (8.4) | 11 142 (7.1) | 1571 (10.7) | 21 215 (8.2) | 26 140 (8.5) | 14 887 (7.6) | 12 674 (7.1) | 65 886 (18.5) |
| Censored at disenrolment | 145 (0.0) | 25 (0.0) | 13 (0.0) | 13 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | 27 (0.0) | 23 (0.0) | 16 (0.0) | 85 (0.0) |
| Censored at 31 December 2016 | 801 270 (79.3) | 265 290 (80.7) | 191 502 (81.5) | 124 322 (79.7) | 10 249 (69.6) | 218 623 (84.4) | 255 762 (82.8) | 161 408 (82.5) | 150 353 (83.7) | 266 579 (74.8) |
| Years of follow-up, median (total) | 3.6 (4 030 897) | 4.6 (1 620 894) | 4.8 (1 190 308) | 4.8 (789 849) | 6.0 (87 397) | 4.5 (1 274 357) | 4.6 (1 529 370) | 4.8 (1 000 459) | 4.6 (890 340) | 2.5 (1 067 731) |
| Tendon rupture, 1000 person years | 8.65 | 7.72 | 7.40 | 7.47 | 8.81 | 7.56 | 8.14 | 8.02 | 7.44 | 9.52 |
| Death, 1000 person years | 11.53 | 14.34 | 12.45 | 18.50 | 24.44 | 7.56 | 9.55 | 11.39 | 11.18 | 12.78 |
| Female | 575 885 (57.0) | 197 915 (60.2) | 146 745 (62.4) | 89 682 (57.5) | 8747 (59.4) | 151 383 (58.4) | 194 101 (62.8) | 113 308 (57.9) | 104 749 (58.3) | 191 069 (53.6) |
| White | 814 933 (80.7) | 274 785 (83.6) | 196 048 (83.4) | 131 725 (84.4) | 12 464 (84.6) | 215 101 (83.0) | 259 657 (84.0) | 167 825 (85.7) | 153 723 (85.6) | 271 906 (76.3) |
| Black | 75 930 (7.5) | 20 017 (6.1) | 14 286 (6.1) | 8893 (5.7) | 956 (6.5) | 15 622 (6.0) | 17 296 (5.6) | 9625 (4.9) | 9199 (5.1) | 35 023 (9.8) |
| Hispanic | 56 582 (5.6) | 17 044 (5.2) | 12 607 (5.4) | 7943 (5.1) | 628 (4.3) | 12 494 (4.8) | 14 805 (4.8) | 8976 (4.6) | 7802 (4.3) | 24 391 (6.8) |
| Asian | 26 336 (2.6) | 7316 (2.2) | 5362 (2.3) | 3144 (2.0) | 356 (2.4) | 7624 (2.9) | 7945 (2.6) | 3539 (1.8) | 3440 (1.9) | 10 437 (2.9) |
| Other | 36 144 (3.6) | 9492 (2.9) | 6691 (2.8) | 4286 (2.7) | 324 (2.2) | 8284 (3.2) | 9282 (3.0) | 5766 (2.9) | 5452 (3.0) | 14 607 (4.1) |
| Ever dual | 162 988 (16.1) | 54 055 (16.4) | 38 277 (16.3) | 28 156 (18.0) | 2908 (19.7) | 35 305 (13.6) | 44 940 (14.5) | 30 962 (15.8) | 25 255 (14.1) | 66 986 (18.8) |
| Non-dual LIS | 26 955 (2.7) | 7648 (2.3) | 5459 (2.3) | 3746 (2.4) | 385 (2.6) | 5224 (2.0) | 6828 (2.2) | 4191 (2.1) | 3818 (2.1) | 12 595 (3.5) |
| Non-dual No LIS | 819 982 (81.2) | 266 951 (81.2) | 191 258 (81.4) | 124 089 (79.5) | 11 435 (77.6) | 218 596 (84.4) | 257 217 (83.2) | 160 578 (82.0) | 150 543 (83.8) | 276 783 (77.7) |
| Living in rural area | 228 199 (22.6) | 78 581 (23.9) | 56 385 (24.0) | 38 847 (24.9) | 2801 (19.0) | 58 805 (22.7) | 72 282 (23.4) | 49 977 (25.5) | 42 288 (23.5) | 77 087 (21.6) |
| Days on Rx, median (IQR) | N/A | N/A | 10.0 (7.0–20.0) | 10.0 (7.0–17.0) | 10.0 (7.0–12.0) | 10.0 (7.0–20.0) | 5.0 (5.0–11.0) | 10.0 (7.0–16.0) | 10.0 (10.0–20.0) | N/A |
| Hospitalisation | 349 959 (29.5) | 198 846 (45.4) | 142 538 (45.3) | 113 829 (52.5) | 14 002 (60.3) | 132 304 (38.8) | 156 185 (37.9) | 119 209 (45.9) | 103 515 (42.5) | 51 525 (14.4) |
| Outpatient visits per year, median (IQR) | 19.6 (11.1–33.0) | 27.1 (17.2–42.7) | 27.3 (17.5–42.9) | 30.1 (19.0–47.8) | 34.0 (21.7–53.7) | 23.6 (14.5–37.5) | 24.6 (15.5–38.8) | 27.5 (17.2–43.2) | 26.6 (16.7–42.2) | 12.3 (6.0–21.8) |
| AMI | 21 222 (2.1) | 9999 (3.0) | 6810 (2.9) | 5862 (3.8) | 698 (4.7) | 6474 (2.5) | 8079 (2.6) | 6215 (3.2) | 5292 (2.9) | 5012 (1.4) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 71 635 (7.1) | 31 752 (9.7) | 21 757 (9.3) | 17 731 (11.4) | 2028 (13.8) | 23 974 (9.3) | 26 182 (8.5) | 21 935 (11.2) | 18 764 (10.4) | 16 314 (4.6) |
| Cataract | 468 608 (46.4) | 183 870 (55.9) | 134 196 (57.1) | 88 574 (56.8) | 9216 (62.6) | 144 455 (55.7) | 174 897 (56.6) | 112 020 (57.2) | 101 079 (56.3) | 124 931 (35.1) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 180 441 (17.9) | 86 021 (26.2) | 62 323 (26.5) | 46 121 (29.6) | 4651 (31.6) | 53 713 (20.7) | 65 577 (21.2) | 50 361 (25.7) | 43 182 (24.0) | 42 916 (12.0) |
| COPD | 130 840 (13.0) | 71 913 (21.9) | 43 961 (18.7) | 48 430 (31.0) | 6106 (41.5) | 40 109 (15.5) | 66 536 (21.5) | 37 413 (19.1) | 37 579 (20.9) | 22 739 (6.4) |
| Heartfailure | 103 010 (10.2) | 51 814 (15.8) | 34 870 (14.8) | 31 377 (20.1) | 3776 (25.6) | 32 792 (12.7) | 41 647 (13.5) | 31 585 (16.1) | 27 223 (15.2) | 21 907 (6.1) |
| Diabetes | 284 919 (28.2) | 113 424 (34.5) | 81 175 (34.5) | 57 697 (37.0) | 5942 (40.3) | 81 155 (31.3) | 98 176 (31.8) | 67 548 (34.5) | 59 984 (33.4) | 81 448 (22.9) |
| Glaucoma | 150 839 (14.9) | 56 990 (17.3) | 41 984 (17.9) | 26 603 (17.1) | 2930 (19.9) | 45 597 (17.6) | 54 726 (17.7) | 33 936 (17.3) | 31 065 (17.3) | 42 355 (11.9) |
| Hip/pelvic fracture | 7982 (0.8) | 4086 (1.2) | 3000 (1.3) | 2289 (1.5) | 274 (1.9) | 2673 (1.0) | 3005 (1.0) | 2515 (1.3) | 1914 (1.1) | 1689 (0.5) |
| Ischaemicheart disease | 264 648 (26.2) | 117 416 (35.7) | 82 182 (35.0) | 63 659 (40.8) | 6956 (47.2) | 83 682 (32.3) | 101 999 (33.0) | 70 612 (36.1) | 63 363 (35.3) | 63 372 (17.8) |
| Depression | 210 714 (20.9) | 94 554 (28.8) | 68 625 (29.2) | 49 277 (31.6) | 5298 (36.0) | 65 642 (25.3) | 83 253 (26.9) | 56 747 (29.0) | 51 150 (28.5) | 49 320 (13.8) |
| Alzheimer’s disease or senile dementia | 39 132 (3.9) | 19 796 (6.0) | 14 309 (6.1) | 11 030 (7.1) | 1206 (8.2) | 11 140 (4.3) | 13 809 (4.5) | 11 846 (6.1) | 9309 (5.2) | 9400 (2.6) |
| Osteoporosis | 106 966 (10.6) | 47 033 (14.3) | 35 217 (15.0) | 22 918 (14.7) | 2738 (18.6) | 34 610 (13.4) | 44 016 (14.2) | 26 996 (13.8) | 24 393 (13.6) | 25 216 (7.1) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis | 369 584 (36.6) | 160 091 (48.7) | 117 018 (49.8) | 80 115 (51.4) | 8259 (56.1) | 126 702 (48.9) | 148 653 (48.1) | 101 310 (51.8) | 88 017 (49.0) | 81 855 (23.0) |
| Stroke/ transient ischaemic attack | 58 886 (5.8) | 27 702 (8.4) | 19 843 (8.4) | 15 051 (9.6) | 1670 (11.3) | 17 829 (6.9) | 22 038 (7.1) | 16 684 (8.5) | 14 245 (7.9) | 14 262 (4.0) |
| Breast cancer | 45 316 (4.5) | 19 362 (5.9) | 14 344 (6.1) | 9442 (6.1) | 984 (6.7) | 13 451 (5.2) | 17 676 (5.7) | 12 543 (6.4) | 10 156 (5.7) | 11 042 (3.1) |
| Colorectal cancer | 15 905 (1.6) | 7487 (2.3) | 5421 (2.3) | 4048 (2.6) | 390 (2.6) | 4304 (1.7) | 5170 (1.7) | 4085 (2.1) | 3605 (2.0) | 4104 (1.2) |
| Prostate cancer | 37 038 (3.7) | 19 705 (6.0) | 15 577 (6.6) | 9232 (5.9) | 643 (4.4) | 10 967 (4.2) | 11 733 (3.8) | 9252 (4.7) | 8070 (4.5) | 8333 (2.3) |
| Lung cancer | 14 946 (1.5) | 8965 (2.7) | 5144 (2.2) | 6356 (4.1) | 905 (6.1) | 3859 (1.5) | 6633 (2.1) | 3977 (2.0) | 4267 (2.4) | 2733 (0.8) |
| Endometrial cancer | 7396 (0.7) | 3447 (1.0) | 2670 (1.1) | 1635 (1.0) | 160 (1.1) |
2095 (0.8) | 2637 (0.9) | 1957 (1.0) | 1604 (0.9) | 1847 (0.5) |
| Anaemia | 307 310 (30.4) | 140 606 (42.8) | 100 819 (42.9) | 74 308 (47.6) | 7980 (54.2) |
99 190 (38.3) | 118 327 (38.3) | 81 967 (41.9) | 72 587 (40.4) | 71 098 (20.0) |
| Asthma | 86 120 (8.5) | 46 350 (14.1) | 29 327 (12.5) | 30 152 (19.3) | 4091 (27.8) | 27 632 (10.7) | 46 823 (15.2) | 24 426 (12.5) | 25 465 (14.2) | 13 802 (3.9) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 691 148 (68.4) | 257 086 (78.2) | 185 199 (78.8) | 123 828 (79.4) | 12 162 (82.6) | 199 236 (76.9) | 239 414 (77.5) | 152 879 (78.1) | 140 364 (78.1) | 201 258 (56.5) |
| Hyperplasia | 122 010 (12.1) | 59 809 (18.2) | 45 517 (19.4) | 28 616 (18.3) | 2587 (17.6) | 39 031 (15.1) | 42 070 (13.6) | 31 606 (16.1) | 28 398 (15.8) | 27 336 (7.7) |
| Hypertension | 679 287 (67.3) | 253 601 (77.2) | 181 231 (77.1) | 124 646 (79.9) | 12 218 (83.0) | 192 686 (74.4) | 230 409 (74.6) | 150 995 (77.1) | 136 292 (75.9) | 201 777 (56.6) |
| Hypothyroidism | 197 447 (19.6) | 81 468 (24.8) | 59 450 (25.3) | 40 372 (25.9) | 4198 (28.5) | 59 893 (23.1) | 76 582 (24.8) | 47 973 (24.5) | 44 249 (24.6) | 50 280 (14.1) |
| Anxiety disorders | 148 983 (14.8) | 70 688 (21.5) | 51 377 (21.9) | 37 563 (24.1) | 4032 (27.4) | 48 859 (18.9) | 62 418 (20.2) | 41 655 (21.3) | 37 588 (20.9) | 31 709 (8.9) |
| Bipolar disorder | 17 882 (1.8) | 8368 (2.5) | 6104 (2.6) | 4533 (2.9) | 468 (3.2) | 5442 (2.1) | 6658 (2.2) | 5147 (2.6) | 4227 (2.4) | 4242 (1.2) |
| Major depressive affective disorder | 153 182 (15.2) | 71 732 (21.8) | 52 101 (22.2) | 38 055 (24.4) | 4148 (28.2) | 48 846 (18.9) | 61 872 (20.0) | 43 416 (22.2) | 38 642 (21.5) | 33 660 (9.4) |
| Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders | 16 764 (1.7) | 8591 (2.6) | 6176 (2.6) | 4934 (3.2) | 548 (3.7) | 4421 (1.7) | 5597 (1.8) | 5101 (2.6) | 3811 (2.1) | 4300 (1.2) |
| Epilepsy | 16 155 (1.6) | 7543 (2.3) | 5383 (2.3) | 4269 (2.7) | 415 (2.8) | 4310 (1.7) | 5488 (1.8) | 4510 (2.3) | 3621 (2.0) | 4191 (1.2) |
| Fibromyalgia, chronic pain and fatigue | 166 279 (16.5) | 78 877 (24.0) | 57 494 (24.5) | 41 843 (26.8) | 4410 (29.9) | 56 152 (21.7) | 70 667 (22.9) | 48 422 (24.7) | 43 379 (24.2) | 33 843 (9.5) |
| Viral hepatitis (general) | 11 969 (1.2) | 4659 (1.4) | 3188 (1.4) | 2523 (1.6) | 287 (1.9) | 3156 (1.2) | 3732 (1.2) | 2712 (1.4) | 2348 (1.3) | 3735 (1.0) |
| Liver disease cirrhosis and other liver conditions | 62 675 (6.2) | 31 930 (9.7) | 23 284 (9.9) | 17 386 (11.1) | 1919 (13.0) | 19 624 (7.6) | 24 544 (7.9) | 17 393 (8.9) | 15 958 (8.9) | 13 350 (3.7) |
| Leukaemias and lymphomas | 13 906 (1.4) | 7228 (2.2) | 4822 (2.1) | 4536 (2.9) | 551 (3.7) | 4385 (1.7) | 5905 (1.9) | 4025 (2.1) | 3969 (2.2) | 2758 (0.8) |
| Migraine and other chronic headache | 31 628 (3.1) | 14 936 (4.5) | 11 282 (4.8) | 7520 (4.8) | 873 (5.9) | 10 841 (4.2) | 13 893 (4.5) | 8763 (4.5) | 8403 (4.7) | 6419 (1.8) |
| Mobility impairments | 20 600 (2.0) | 10 182 (3.1) | 7356 (3.1) | 5767 (3.7) | 577 (3.9) | 5372 (2.1) | 6629 (2.1) | 5995 (3.1) | 4610 (2.6) | 5439 (1.5) |
| Obesity | 185 101 (18.3) | 79 130 (24.1) | 56 609 (24.1) | 41 226 (26.4) | 3997 (27.1) | 58 654 (22.6) | 69 611 (22.5) | 49 984 (25.5) | 43 740 (24.4) | 44 772 (12.6) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 90 132 (8.9) | 45 276 (13.8) | 31 866 (13.6) | 25 977 (16.7) | 3001 (20.4) | 28 747 (11.1) | 36 241 (11.7) | 28 343 (14.5) | 23 977 (13.3) | 18 446 (5.2) |
| Tobacco use disorders | 101 890 (10.1) | 45 304 (13.8) | 28 907 (12.3) | 27 202 (17.4) | 3042 (20.7) | 27 261 (10.5) | 37 860 (12.3) | 25 002 (12.8) | 22 975 (12.8) | 26 896 (7.5) |
| Pressure ulcers and chronic ulcers | 30 345 (3.0) | 17 688 (5.4) | 12 800 (5.4) | 10 603 (6.8) | 1196 (8.1) | 9006 (3.5) | 10 926 (3.5) | 13 404 (6.8) | 9960 (5.5) | 4992 (1.4) |
| Deafness and hearing impairment | 59 576 (5.9) | 27 383 (8.3) | 19 976 (8.5) | 14 014 (9.0) | 1609 (10.9) | 21 213 (8.2) | 25 498 (8.3) | 16 849 (8.6) | 16 787 (9.3) | 11 900 (3.3) |
Data are presented as no. (%) of patients unless otherwise noted.
AMC, amoxicillin clavulanate; AMX, amoxicillin; AZT, azithromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; FLQ, fluoroquinolone; LEX, cephalexin; LVX, levofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin.