Table 2.
Biomarker assessment STADIA‐HFpEF
| Pathophysiological domain | Biomarker |
|---|---|
| Inflammation | hs‐CRP, TNF‐α, TNFR‐1, IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐18 sICAM‐3, TGF‐β, MPO, MCP‐1 |
| Oxidative stress | Ox‐LDL, 8‐iso‐PGF2α, 8‐OHdG, H2O2, LPO, GSH |
| Endothelial function | E‐selectin, endothelin‐1, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, Von Willebrand Factor, NOx |
| Collagen/extracellular matrix turnover | MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, TIMP‐4, CITP, PICP, PIIINP, FGF23, GDF‐15, ST2, galectin‐3, Tenascin‐C |
| Adipokines | Adiponectin, Leptin |
| Renal | Cystatin‐C, NGAL, urea |
| Cardiomyocyte stress | NTproBNP |
| Intracellular interactions | cGMP |
cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CITP, C‐terminal telopeptide of collagen type I; FGF‐23, fibroblast growth factor‐23; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor‐15; GSH, reduced gluthatione; hs‐CRP, highly sensitive C‐reactive protein; H2O2 , hydrogen peroxide; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1; IL‐1, interleukin‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; IL‐18, interleukin‐18; LPO, lipid peroxide; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin; NOx, nitrite/nitrate; NTproBNP, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide; Ox‐LDL, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein; PICP, procollagen type I carboxy‐terminal propeptide; PIIINP, procollagen III amino‐terminal peptide; sICAM‐3, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 3; ST2, suppression of tumorigencity‐2; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; TIMP‐1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1; TIMP‐4, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐4; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor receptor‐α; TNFR‐1, tumour necrosis factor receptor‐1; VCAM‐1, vascular adhesion cell protein‐1; 8‐iso‐PGF2α, 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α; 8‐OhdG, 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine.