TABLE 2.
Clinical characteristics and parameters of cardiac function in obesity patients with and without cardiac dysfunction
| Obese with normal cardiac function (n = 40) | Obese with cardiac dysfunction (n = 59) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| General characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 47 (42–52) | 49 (42–56) | 0.53 |
| Female (%) | 35 (88%) | 35 (59%) | 0.004 * |
| Physical examination | |||
| Length (m) | 1.69 ± 0.1 | 1.73 ± 0.1 | 0.045 |
| Weight (kg) | 123 (115–132) | 124 (114–138) | 0.28 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 43 (40–46) | 42 (40–45) | 0.56 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139 ± 21 | 144 ± 20 | 0.08 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 (70–84) | 80 (73–89) | 0.06 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 128 (122–134) | 137 (127–141) | 0.048 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 76 ± 11 | 83 ± 14 | 0.019 * |
| Co‐morbidity | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (20%) | 13 (22%) | 0.81 |
| Hypertension | 11 (28%) | 20 (34%) | 0.27 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 8 (20%) | 10 (17%) | 0.89 |
| Current smoking | 7 (18%) | 9 (15%) | 0.77 |
| COPD | 3 (8%) | 2 (3%) | 0.37 |
| OSAS | 3 (8%) | 8 (14%) | 0.35 |
| Medication | |||
| Beta‐blockers | 3 (8%) | 5 (9%) | 0.36 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 10 (27%) | 13 (23%) | 0.53 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 3 (8%) | 7 (12%) | 0.13 |
| Statins | 5 (13%) | 14 (25%) | 0.12 |
| Diuretics | 6 (16%) | 11 (19%) | 0.13 |
| Insulin | 2 (5%) | 5 (9%) | 0.51 |
| Oral anti‐diabetics | 5 (13%) | 9 (16%) | 0.70 |
| Blood tests | |||
| C‐reactive protein (mg/L) | 7 (3–10) | 6 (4–11) | 0.70 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 (4.6–5.6) | 5.6 (5.1–6.7) | 0.01 * |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37 (35–43) | 40 (36–51) | 0.05 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 68 (64–78) | 73 (66–77) | 0.32 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87 (79–90) | 90 (80–90) | 0.43 |
| ALAT (U/L) | 23 (16–33) | 31 (22–45) | 0.003 * |
| Apo‐lipoprotein B100 (g/L) | 1.12 ± 0.3 | 1.04 ± 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/L) | 190 (65–599) | 149 (71–386) | 0.10 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.025 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 0.003 * |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.009 * |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | 0.09 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 87 (49–136) | 92 (58–189) | 0.14 |
| Active vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 93 (61–128) | 108 (71–197) | 0.22 |
| Folic acid (nmol/L) | 11 (8–16) | 12 (9–16) | 0.45 |
| Vitamin B1 (nmol/L) | 13 ± 29 | 145 ± 22 | 0.08 |
| Vitamin B6 (nmol/L) | 65 (54–91) | 70 (52–80) | 0.39 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42 (40–44) | 42 (39–44) | 0.83 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.45 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 39 (28–60) | 39 (27–61) | 0.95 |
| Haemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.6 (8.0–9.0) | 8.9 (8.4–9.3) | 0.11 |
| Erythrocytes (×1012/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.03 |
| Thrombocytes (×109/L) | 270 ± 54 | 255 ± 79 | 0.22 |
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 8.4 (6.8–9.4) | 8.5 (7.0–10.2) | 0.48 |
| TSH (mU/L) | 1.5 (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 0.94 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LVM (g) | 169 (140–215) | 203 (156–241) | 0.10 |
| LVM index (g/m2) | 72 (59–88) | 81 (67–94) | 0.16 |
| Holter monitoring | |||
| Average heart rate (b.p.m.) | 81 ± 9 | 83 ± 10 | 0.35 |
| Minimal heart rate (b.p.m.) | 50 (46–55) | 53 (47–56) | 0.66 |
| Maximum heart rate (b.p.m.) | 142 (129–152) | 132 (125–146) | 0.06 |
| SDNN (ms) | 121 ± 48 | 99 ± 42 | 0.026 |
| SDNN index (ms) | 54 ± 16 | 45 ± 14 | 0.015 * |
| Parameters of cardiac function | |||
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| Mitral inflow E‐wave (cm/s) | 75 ± 15 | 65 ± 12 | 0.007 * |
| Mitral inflow A‐wave (cm/s) | 70 ± 11 | 70 ± 15 | 0.68 |
| E/A ratio | 1.1 (0.92–1.20) | 0.96 (0.80–1.10) | 0.029 |
| Septal e′ velocity (cm/s) | 8 ± 2 | 8 ± 2 | 0.22 |
| Lateral e′ velocity (cm/s) | 12 ± 3 | 10 ± 3 | 0.002 * |
| E/e′‐ratio | 9.1 (7.5–10.3) | 8.4 (6.9–9.7) | 0.27 |
| Deceleration time (s) | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.93 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 25 ± 7 | 26 ± 8 | 0.52 |
| TR velocity (cm/s) | 113 (91–140) | 93 (86–125) | 0.55 |
| Diastolic dysfunction (%) | 0 | 10 (17%) | 0.001 * |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 62 ± 6 | 54 ± 7 | <0.001 * |
| GLS | −19.2 ± 1.3 | −14.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 * |
| Blood tests | |||
| BNP (pmol/L) | 6 (4–11) | 4 (3–6) | 0.29 |
| hs‐troponin I positive (%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Holter monitoring | |||
| Total PAC per 24 h | 12 (3–38) | 8 (2–27) | 0.42 |
| Total PVC per 24 h | 2 (0–16) | 3 (0–28) | 0.98 |
| Supraventricular arrhythmia (%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Ventricular arrhythmia (%) | 0 | 0 | |
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; A‐wave, late diastolic transmitral flow velocity; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; e′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; E‐wave, early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LA volume index, left atrial volume index; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; LVM index, left ventricular mass index; LVM, left ventricular mass; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; PAC, premature atrial contraction; PVC, premature ventricular contraction SDNN index, mean of the standard deviations of all the NN intervals for each 5 min segment of a 24 h heart rate variability recording; SDNN, standard deviation of NN intervals; TR velocity, tricuspid regurgitation; TSH, thyroid‐stimulating hormone.
Values represent mean ± SD, median (Q1–Q3) or n (%). P‐values displayed were analysed by using univariable logistic regression.
Bold values are statistically significant at p<0.05; the bold values marked by * remain statistically significant after Benjamini – Hochberg correction.