Table 4.
Summary of three dimensional (3D) bioprinting where photocrosslinking was employed showing materials used, type of biomolecules and target tissues. Various biomaterials have been used alone or in combination, such as collagen (Col), gelatin (gel), gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), dopamine functionalized gelatin methacryloyl (D-GelMA) fibrinogen (Fib), extracellular matrix (ECM), hyaluronic acid (HA), methacrylated-HA (M-HA), alginate (Alg), silk fibroin (SF), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), chitosan (Ch), gellan (G), gellan gum (GG), methylcellulose (MC), soybean oil epoxidized acrylate (SOEA), galactoglucomannan methacrylates (GGM), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), methacrylated κ-carrageenan (M-kca), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PEG dimethacrylate (PEGDA), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), Pluronic F127 (Plu), biosilica (BS), hydroxyapatite (HAp) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Cells used included human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs), bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs), adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), epidermal stem cells (ESCs), human induced pluripotent stem cells (HIPSCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs), human aortic root smooth muscle cells (SMCs), myoblasts (MBCs), osteosarcoma cells (OCs), cartilage progenitor cells (CPCs), human articular chondrocytes (HACs), periodontal ligament cells (PLCs), hepatic cellss (HCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), pancreatic endothelial cells (PECs), human kidney cells (HKCs) and breast cancer cells (BCCs).
| Biomaterial | Crosslinking Method | Printing Technique | Cell Type | Target tissue | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion piston-driven | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [96] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HCs | Liver Tissue | [91] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Not specified | [99] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Trophoblast Migration in Preeclampsia | [212] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HCs | Not specified | [212] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | CPCs | Cartilage regeneration | [213] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | HMSCs | 3D in vitro models | [214] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(eosin Y) | extrusion | HIPSCs | Human Cardiac Tissues | [215] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | OCs | Not specified | [216] |
| GelMa | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | Stereolithography (microscale continuous optical bioprinting) | HUVECs | Vascular tissue | [98] |
| GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | BMSCs | Not specified | [217] |
| GelMA/PLA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HUVECs | Bonetissue | [92] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | HUVECs | Not specified | [218] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | UV crosslinking(Irgacure 2959) | Stereolithography | HMSCs | Cartilage tissue | [114] |
| GelMA/Silicate | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HUVECs/ HMSCs | Bone tissue | [93] |
| GelMA/Alg | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-Cacl2 | extrusion | HUVECs | Heart tissue | [36, 113] |
| GelMA/Alg/PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-Cacl2 | extrusion | HUVECs/HMSCs | Perfusable vascular constructs | [219] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | Photo/Lap | Stereolithography (microscale continuous projection printing) | NPCs | Spinal cord | [220] |
| GelMA/M-HA | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | VICs | Human HeartValve | [115] |
| GelMA/M-HA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-Cacl2 | extrusion | BMSCs | Neocartilage formation | [221] |
| GelMA/M-HA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | Stereolithography | CPCs | Adiposetissue | [222] |
| GelMA/Plu | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Cooling | extrusion | ESCs | Skin tissue | [117] |
| GelMA/Plu | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Bone tissue engineering | [223] |
| GelMA/SF | Visible-light crosslinking/(Eosin Y) | extrusion | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [110] |
| GelMA/HAp | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion piston-driven | BMCs | Breast cancer Metastasis | [120] |
| GelMA/G | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Cartilage tissue | [224] |
| GelMA/Col | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HUVECs | Promotion of angiogenesis | [118] |
| GelMA/Alg | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) +Ionic-Cacl2 | extrusion | HMSCs | Cartilage tissue | [225] |
| GelMA/Alg | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | PECs | Liver tissue | [226] |
| GelMA/Alg | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | OCs | Bone tissue | [227] |
| Gelatin/HA/ECM | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HKCs | Kidney tissue | [125] |
| GelMA/Alg/PEGMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-Cacl2 | extrusion | HMSCs | Bone tissue | [228] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | PLCs | Ligament | [229] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [230] |
| GelMA/Gold nanorod | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HCAECs | Cardiac tissue | [90] |
| GelMA/PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | PLCs | Repair ofAlveolar Bone Defect | [231] |
| GelMA/CNT | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HUVECs | Myocardial tissue | [119] |
| Dopamine-GelMA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | Stereolithography | Neural stem cells | Nerve tissue | [232] |
| GelMa/M-HA | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | ADMSCs | Cartilage | [111] |
| PEGDA | Visible-light crosslinking/(VA-086) | Stereolithography | BCCs | Not specified | [102] |
| PEG/PCL | Visible-light crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | SMCs | Vascular tissue | [25] |
| PEGDA /Clay | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 1173) | extrusion | OCs | Not specified | [100] |
| SOEA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 819) | extrusion | HMSCs | Not specified | [101] |
| M-kca | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-KCl/ | extrusion | HMSCs | Not specified | [233] |
| PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HACs | Cartilage tissue | [234] |
| PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | Inkjet bioprinting | HACs | Cartilage tissue | [235] |
| HA /dextran | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | piston-driven | HACs | Not specified | [236] |
| PEGDA/HAp | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Bone tissue | [237] |
| M-HA/A-Plu | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | extrusion | HACs | Not specified | [238] |
| M-Alg/M-HA | Visible-light crosslinking/(Eosin Y) | extrusion | BMCs | Not specified | [239] |
| M-SF | UV crosslinking/(LAP) | Stereolithography | Fibroblasts | Cartilage tissue | [240] |
| SF/gel | Visible-light crosslinking/Ruthenium | extrusion | HACs | Not specified | [143] |
| GGM /CNF | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | PECs | Liver tissue | [123] |
| M-HA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [89] |
| M-HA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | HMSCs | Not specified | [126] |
| Tyramine-HA | Visible-light crosslinking/Rose bengal | Laser-Assisted bioprinting | HMSCs | Not specified | [130] |
| M-HA/HAp | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | ADMSCs | Multizonal grafting | [241] |
| PEGDA/Fib/Alg | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) + Ionic-CaCl2 | extrusion | MBCs | Skeletal Muscle | [242] |
| PEGDA/Alg/clay | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [243] |
| PLA /GG- PEGDA | UV crosslinking/(Irgacure 2959) | extrusion | BMCs | Intervertebral disc (IVD) repair | [24] |
| A-PG/ T-HA | Thiol-ene coupling | extrusion | HMSCs | Cartilage | [128] |
| A-gel/ T-gel | Thiol-ene coupling | extrusion | CCs | Not specified | [22] |
| E-Alg | Thiol-ene coupling + Ionic-CaCl2 | extrusion | Fibroblasts | Not specified | [129] |