Table 2.
Complications of typhoid fever, by United Nations region, 1965–2018.
| Complicationsa |
Africa |
Americas |
Asia |
Oceania |
Totalb |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n / | N | (%) | n / | N | (%) | n / | N | (%) | n / | N | (%) | n / | N | (%) | |
| Abdominal | |||||||||||||||
| Intestinal perforation | 37 / | 486 | (7.6) | 4 / | 217 | (1.8) | 34 / | 4,622 | (0.7) | 5 / | 739 | (0.7) | 80 / | 6,064 | (1.3) |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 11 / | 320 | (3.4) | 0 / | 0 | — | 87 / | 2,809 | (3.1) | 21 / | 739 | (2.8) | 119 / | 3,868 | (3.1) |
| Hepatitis | 10 / | 157 | (6.4) | 1 / | 9 | (11.1) | 104 / | 2,389 | (4.4) | 17 / | 739 | (2.3) | 132 / | 3,294 | (4.0) |
| Cholecystitis | 1 / | 55 | (1.8) | 0 / | 0 | — | 10 / | 913 | (1.1) | 0 / | 365 | (0.0) | 11 / | 1,333 | (0.8) |
| Cardiovascular | |||||||||||||||
| Asymptomatic electrocardiographic changes | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||||
| Myocarditis | 2 / | 191 | (1.0) | 0 / | 0 | — | 30 / | 1,979 | (1.5) | 1 / | 365 | (0.3) | 33 / | 2,535 | (1.3) |
| Shock | 0 / | 14 | (0.0) | 0 / | 0 | — | 59 / | 3,580 | (1.6) | 17 / | 365 | (4.7) | 76 / | 3,959 | (1.9) |
| Neuropsychiatric | |||||||||||||||
| Encephalopathy | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 98 / | 2,460 | (4.0) | 4 / | 365 | (1.1) | 102 / | 2,825 | (3.6) |
| Delirium | 34 / | 277 | (12.3) | 0 / | 0 | — | 650 / | 2,027 | (32.1) | 21 / | 344 | (5.8) | 705 / | 2,648 | (26.6) |
| Psychotic states | 2 / | 50 | (4.0) | 2 / | 217 | (0.9) | 28 / | 1,438 | (1.9) | 0 / | 0 | — | 32 / | 1,705 | (1.9) |
| Meningitis | 6 / | 347 | (1.7) | 1 / | 9 | (11.1) | 13 / | 1,625 | (0.8) | 0 / | 0 | — | 20 / | 1,981 | (1.0) |
| Impairment of coordination | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||||
| Respiratory | |||||||||||||||
| Bronchitis | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 32 / | 407 | (7.9) | 0 / | 0 | — | 32 / | 407 | (7.9) |
| Pneumonia | 4 / | 191 | (2.1) | 7 / | 226 | (3.1) | 43 / | 1,416 | (3.0) | 18 / | 374 | (4.8) | 72 / | 2,207 | (3.3) |
| Hematologic | |||||||||||||||
| Anemia | 132 / | 311 | (42.4) | 52 / | 226 | (23.0) | 683 / | 3,516 | (19.4) | 150 / | 703 | (21.3) | 1,017 / | 4,756 | (21.4) |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 98 / | 660 | (14.8) | 1 / | 374 | (0.3) | 99 / | 1,034 | (9.6) |
| Other | |||||||||||||||
| Focal abscess | 1 / | 47 | (2.1) | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 1 / | 47 | (2.1) |
| Pharyngitis | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||||
| Miscarriage | 0 / | 0 | — | 0 / | 0 | — | 1 / | 6 | (16.7) | 0 / | 0 | — | 1 / | 6 | (16.7) |
| Relapse | 6 / | 171 | (3.5) | 2 / | 129 | (1.6) | 71 / | 2,166 | (3.2) | 0 / | 0 | — | 79 / | 2,466 | (3.2) |
| Chronic carriage | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||||
| Seizure or convulsionsc | 14 / | 125 | (11.2) | 0 / | 0 | — | 94 / | 4,224 | (2.2) | 0 / | 0 | — | 108 / | 4,349 | (2.5) |
| Total complications | 260 / | 689 | (37.7) | 69 / | 226 | (30.5) | 2,135 / | 8,681 | (24.6) | 255 / | 739 | (34.5) | 2,719 / | 10,335 | (26.3) |
| Total Complications as described by study | 116 / | 348 | (33.3) | 24 / | 327 | (7.3) | 401 / | 3,028 | (13.2) | 128 / | 739 | (17.3) | 669 / | 4,442 | (15.1) |
*a
Complications from Parry et al. Table 11
ND = No data. Data could not be abstracted as these complications were not described in any of the included articles.
**b
Europe not shown due to the single study from Europe including participants diagnosed with stool and urine cultures, therefore it was not possible to distinguish complications among those diagnosed by culture of a normally sterile site. 101.
^cComplication not listed by Parry et al