Figure 5.

Conceptual model linking lipolysis, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions, and poor outcome in HFpEF. Systemic inflammation and metabolic stress may enhance β‐adrenergic‐mediated lipolysis in HFpEF, which in turn leads to an elevation in FABP4 levels. The increase in FABP4 may directly worsen LV diastolic and systolic functions, thereby contributing to poor clinical outcomes. Conversely, heart failure‐related sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation may lead to catecholamine‐induced lipolysis, or possibly both exacerbate each other. fxn, function; and other abbreviations as in Figure 1 .