TABLE 1.
Baseline and in‐hospital characteristics of patients with acute heart failure
| Parameter | All (n = 113) | Endothelin‐1 at admission (pg/mL) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1st tertile (n = 38) <7.9 |
2nd tertile (n = 37) 8.0–11.1 |
3rd tertile (n = 38) >11.2 |
|||
| Sex (male) | 84 (74%) | 23 (60%) | 27 (73%) | 34 (89%) | 0.01 |
| Age (years) | 65 ± 13 | 65 ± 13 | 65 ± 15 | 64 ± 14 | 0.87 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 90 ± 26 | 88 ± 25 | 87 ± 20 | 97 ± 30 | 0.21 |
| Systolic blood pressure at admission (mmHg) | 134 ± 35 | 142 ± 37 | 137 ± 38 | 124 ± 30 | 0.06 |
| Diastolic blood pressure at admission (mmHg) | 79 ± 18 | 81 ± 17 | 80 ± 19 | 76 ± 19 | 0.31 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 32 ± 13 | 35 ± 12 | 33 ± 13 | 29 ± 13 | 0.11 |
| Acute heart failure (de novo) | 28 (25%) | 10 (26%) | 9 (24%) | 9 (24%) | 0.96 |
| Heart failure aetiology | |||||
| Ischaemic | 60 (53%) | 22 (58%) | 19 (51%) | 19 (50%) | 0.76 |
| Hypertension | 9 (8%) | 3 (8%) | 4 (11%) | 2 (5%) | 0.81 |
| Admission | |||||
| Peripheral oedema (yes) | 86 (76%) | 24 (63%) | 29 (78%) | 31 (82%) | 0.15 |
| Pulmonary congestion (yes) | 105 (93%) | 35 (92%) | 35 (94%) | 35 (92%) | 0.88 |
| Dyspnoea (points) | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 7.2 ± 2.6 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 0.88 |
| Any dyspnoea (yes) | 103 (91%) | 34 (90%) | 34 (92%) | 35 (92%) | 0.92 |
| Ascites (yes) | 16 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (16%) | 10 (26%) | <0.005 |
| Hepatomegaly (yes) | 34 (33%) | 4 (10%) | 11 (30%) | 19 (50%) | <0.005 |
| Blood count | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 1.7 | 12.7 ± 2.3 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | <0.05 |
| White blood count (G/L) | 9.0 ± 3.6 | 9.0 ± 4.0 | 9.4 ± 3.1 | 8.6 ± 3.7 | 0.65 |
| Platelets (G/L) | 215 ± 96 | 216 ± 83 | 211 ± 81 | 219 ± 121 | 0.92 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9; 1.7) | 1.0 (0.7; 1.4) | 0.9 (0.8; 1.5) | 1.6 (1.1; 2.1) | 0.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (IU/L) | 26 (19; 36) | 22 (16; 36) | 26 (20; 36) | 28 (23; 38) | 0.24 |
| Alanine transaminase (IU/L) | 25 (17; 37) | 25 (17; 36) | 23 (17; 37) | 28 (18; 42) | 0.72 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138 ± 5 | 139 ± 3.5 | 138 ± 6.1 | 137 ± 4.4 | 0.41 |
| Calculated eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 63 ± 28 | 67 ± 36 | 63 ± 24 | 58 ± 24 | 0.43 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.29 ± 0.6 | 1.26 ± 0.8 | 1.24 ± 0.5 | 1.38 ± 0.48 | 0.56 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 62 ± 40 | 56 ± 37 | 59 ± 37 | 71 ± 44 | 0.22 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 5422 (2689; 8582) | 4351 (2145; 6253) | 4800 (2674; 9111) | 7686 (4670; 12 276) | 0.002 |
| Troponin I (ng/mL) | 0.04 (0.02; 0.1) | 0.04 (0.2; 0.1) | 0.04 (0.02; 0.06) | 0.06 (0.02; 0.14) | 0.24 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 0.09 |
| Day 2 | |||||
| Peripheral oedema (yes) | 58 (51%) | 16 (42%) | 19 (51%) | 23 (60%) | 0.27 |
| Peripheral oedema (≥2 ++) | 22 (19%) | 3 (8%) | 7 (19%) | 12 (32%) | 0.02 |
| Pulmonary congestion (yes) | 18 (16%) | 3 (8%) | 7 (20%) | 8 (21%) | 0.19 |
| Dyspnoea (points) | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 0.75 |
| Any dyspnoea (yes) | 31 (27%) | 7 (19%) | 10 (28%) | 14 (37%) | 0.21 |
| Chest pain at admission (yes) | 6 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 3 (8%) | 1 (3%) | 0.57 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 ± 19 | 119 ± 20 | 116 ± 19 | 110 ± 18 | 0.18 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.22 ± 0.60 | 1.29 ± 0.85 | 1.15 ± 0.41 | 1.21 ± 0.41 | 0.61 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 64 ± 37 | 63 ± 36 | 61 ± 34 | 68 ± 42 | 0.71 |
| Endothelin‐1 | |||||
| Endothelin‐1 at admission (pg/mL) | 10.8 ± 5.2 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 16.6 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| 9.7 (7.4; 12.8) | 6.6 (5.5; 7.4) | 9.7 (9.0; 10.0) | 15.2 (12.8; 18.9) | ||
| Endothelin‐1 at Day 1 (pg/mL) |
9.5 ± 3.4 |
6.9 ± 2.3 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| 8.9 (6.9; 11.2) | 6.8 (5.6; 7.8) | 9.5 (7.4; 10.6) | 11.6 (8.9; 14.6) | ||
| Endothelin‐1 at Day 2 (pg/mL) | 8.9 ± 3.8 | 6.5 ± 1.9 | 8.9 ± 3.1 | 11.6 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| 8.4 (6.2; 10.8) | 6.4 (5.1; 7.6) | 9.2 (6.6; 10.1) | 11.4 (8.9; 13.6) | ||
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide.
Data shown as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
The bold was used in variables with statistical significances.