Table 2.
Factors Associated With Persistence of Anogenital High-risk Human Papillomavirus Infection
| Covariate | Any HR-HPV | 7 HR-HPV in the Nonavalent Vaccine | HPV 16/18 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | |
| HIV status | .001 | .001 | .001 | <.001 | .09 | .09 | ||||||
| HIV-uninfected | Ref | Ref | Ref | \Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Perinatally HIV-infected | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 2.1 (1.35–3.2) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | 1.7 (.9–3.3) | 1.6 (.9–3.0) | ||||||
| Education | .28 | .35 | .93 | |||||||||
| Primary school or secondary school | 0.9 (.6–1.3) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.2) | |||||||||
| Vocational school/pre-University | 0.5 (.2–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.0) | 1.0 (.8–1.2) | |||||||||
| University | 0.8 (.5–1.3) | 0.9 (.9–1.0) | 1.0 (.7–1.3) | |||||||||
| Non-formal education | 0.6 (.3–1.6) | 1.0 (.9–1.0) | 0.9 (.7–1.2) | |||||||||
| Lower than primary school | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Pregnancy history | .80 | .35 | .73 | |||||||||
| Never been pregnant | 1.0 (.8–1.3) | 1.1 (.9–1.2) | 1.0 (.9–1.1) | |||||||||
| Ever been pregnant | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Current age (years) | .10 | .15 | .08 | .07 | .11 | |||||||
| <18 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | |||||||
| ≥18 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m 2) | .01 | .08 | .19 | .13 | ||||||||
| <18 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | ||||||||
| ≥18 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Alcohol use, ever | .27 | .07 | .18 | .49 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.4 (.8–2.4) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.4 (.8–2.6) | 1.1 (.8–1.5) | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Alcohol use, past 6 months | .01 | .001 | .01 | .003 | .19 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | |||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Cigarette smoking, ever | .58 | .18 | .17 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.1 (.8–1.4) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.2 (.9–1.5) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Cigarette smoking, past 6 months | .24 | .65 | .16 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.2 (.9–1.8) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.2 (.9–1.6) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Substance use, ever | <.001 | .40 | .35 | .17 | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.4 (1.5–3.7) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.3 (.9–2.0) | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Number of sex partners, past 6 months | .09 | .65 | .12 | .004 | .81 | |||||||
| <2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| ≥2 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | |||||||
| Lifetime number of sex partners | <.001 | .001 | .001 | .001 | .001 | <.001 | ||||||
| <3 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 3–5 | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | 2.4 (1.2–5.1) | 2.5 (1.2–5.1) | ||||||
| ≥6 | 2.1 (1.3–3.3) | 1.9 (1.3–3.0) | 2.4 (1.5–4.1) | 1.9 (1.2–3.2) | 4.2 (1.9–8.8) | 3.9 (1.9–8.3) | ||||||
| Frequency of sexual act per week, past 6 months | .03 | .17 | .26 | .19 | ||||||||
| <4 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| ≥4 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | ||||||||
| Condom use with vaginal sex, past 6 months | .73 | .80 | .18 | |||||||||
| Always | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Sometimes/Never | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | |||||||||
| Not applicable/Not having sex this route | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.0) | |||||||||
| History of STIs | .08 | .581 | .034 | .54 | .33 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.01 (1.0–1.0) | 1.2 (.8–1.7) | 1.2 (.8–1.7) | |||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR-HPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; HPV 16/18, human papillomavirus types 16 and/or 18; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection.