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. 2019 Nov 26;71(8):e270–e280. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1143

Table 2.

Factors Associated With Persistence of Anogenital High-risk Human Papillomavirus Infection

Covariate Any HR-HPV 7 HR-HPV in the Nonavalent Vaccine HPV 16/18
Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariate
PR (95% CI) P value aPR (95% CI) P value PR (95% CI) P value aPR (95% CI) P value PR (95% CI) P value aPR (95% CI) P value
HIV status .001 .001 .001 <.001 .09 .09
HIV-uninfected Ref Ref Ref \Ref Ref Ref
Perinatally HIV-infected 1.8 (1.3–2.6) 1.8 (1.3–2.6) 2.1 (1.35–3.2) 2.2 (1.5–3.2) 1.7 (.9–3.3) 1.6 (.9–3.0)
Education .28 .35 .93
Primary school or secondary school 0.9 (.6–1.3) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.0 (.9–1.2)
Vocational school/pre-University 0.5 (.2–1.0) 1.0 (.9–1.0) 1.0 (.8–1.2)
University 0.8 (.5–1.3) 0.9 (.9–1.0) 1.0 (.7–1.3)
Non-formal education 0.6 (.3–1.6) 1.0 (.9–1.0) 0.9 (.7–1.2)
Lower than primary school Ref Ref Ref
Pregnancy history .80 .35 .73
Never been pregnant 1.0 (.8–1.3) 1.1 (.9–1.2) 1.0 (.9–1.1)
Ever been pregnant Ref Ref Ref
Current age (years) .10 .15 .08 .07 .11
<18 1.1 (1.0–1.2) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.1 (1.0–1.3) 1.1 (1.0–1.3) 1.1 (1.0–1.1)
≥18 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
BMI (kg/m 2) .01 .08 .19 .13
<18 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.2 (1.0–1.5)
≥18 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Alcohol use, ever .27 .07 .18 .49
Yes 1.4 (.8–2.4) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.4 (.8–2.6) 1.1 (.8–1.5)
No Ref Ref Ref Ref
Alcohol use, past 6 months .01 .001 .01 .003 .19
Yes 1.7 (1.2–2.4) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.8 (1.2–2.5) 1.1 (1.0–1.2)
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Cigarette smoking, ever .58 .18 .17
Yes 1.1 (.8–1.4) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.2 (.9–1.5)
No Ref Ref Ref
Cigarette smoking, past 6 months .24 .65 .16
Yes 1.2 (.9–1.8) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.2 (.9–1.6)
No Ref Ref Ref
Substance use, ever <.001 .40 .35 .17
Yes 2.4 (1.5–3.7) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.3 (.9–2.0)
No Ref Ref Ref Ref
Number of sex partners, past 6 months .09 .65 .12 .004 .81
<2 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
≥2 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (.99–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.2 (1.1–1.4) 1.0 (.99–1.0)
Lifetime number of sex partners <.001 .001 .001 .001 .001 <.001
<3 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
3–5 2.0 (1.4–3.0) 2.1 (1.5–3.0) 2.2 (1.4–3.3) 2.0 (1.4–3.1) 2.4 (1.2–5.1) 2.5 (1.2–5.1)
≥6 2.1 (1.3–3.3) 1.9 (1.3–3.0) 2.4 (1.5–4.1) 1.9 (1.2–3.2) 4.2 (1.9–8.8) 3.9 (1.9–8.3)
Frequency of sexual act per week, past 6 months .03 .17 .26 .19
<4 Ref Ref Ref Ref
≥4 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0)
Condom use with vaginal sex, past 6 months .73 .80 .18
Always Ref Ref Ref
Sometimes/Never 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0)
Not applicable/Not having sex this route 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (.9–1.0)
History of STIs .08 .581 .034 .54 .33
Yes 1.5 (1.0–2.5) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.01 (1.0–1.0) 1.2 (.8–1.7) 1.2 (.8–1.7)
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR-HPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; HPV 16/18, human papillomavirus types 16 and/or 18; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection.