Table 3.
Factor Associated With Persistence of Anogenital High-risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Female Youth With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodefiency Virus Infection
| Covariate | Any HR-HPV | 7 HR-HPV in the Nonavalent Vaccine | HPV 16/18 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | aPR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Current CD4, cells/mm 3 | .39 | .98 | .89 | |||||||||
| <350 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.8–1.2) | |||||||||
| ≥ 350 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Current HIV RNA, copies/mL | .80 | .03 | .09 | |||||||||
| ≤40 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| >40 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.2) | .71 | |||||||
| Current WHO stage | .24 | .42 | .85 | |||||||||
| Stage 1 or 2 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.4 (.3–7.0) | 1.0 (.8–1.3) | |||||||||
| Stage 3 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.6 (.3–8.1) | 0.8 (.6–1.0) | |||||||||
| Stage 4 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Education | .73 | .01 | .72 | .97 | ||||||||
| Primary school or secondary school | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.2) | ||||||||
| Vocational school/pre-University | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (.9–1.2) | ||||||||
| University | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (.9–1.4) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (.7–1.4) | ||||||||
| Non-formal education | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.0) | 1.0 (.8–1.2) | ||||||||
| Lower than primary school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Pregnancy history | .47 | .32 | .61 | |||||||||
| Never been pregnant | 1.2 (.8–1.8) | 1.3 (.8–2.2) | 1.2 (.5–2.9) | |||||||||
| Ever been pregnant | Ref | \Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Current age (years) | .28 | .99 | .42 | |||||||||
| <18 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.05 (.9–1.2) | |||||||||
| ≥18 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| BMI (kg/m 2) | .16 | .77 | .21 | |||||||||
| <18 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (.9–1.4) | |||||||||
| ≥18 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Alcohol use, ever | .10 | .27 | .001 | .001 | .43 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.9–1.1) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (.9–1.4) | |||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Alcohol use, past 6 months | .01 | .02 | .001 | .19 | .14 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | |||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Cigarette smoking, ever | .69 | .49 | .58 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.1 (.8–1.5) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Cigarette smoking, past 6 months | .72 | .46 | .99 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 0.8 (.4–1.4) | 1.0 (.7–1.5) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Substance use, ever | .32 | .77 | .34 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.3 (.7–2.4) | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Number of sex partners, past 6 months | .18 | .62 | .15 | |||||||||
| <2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| ≥2 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.1) | |||||||||
| Lifetime number of sex partners | .004 | .001 | .0 | .002 | .004 | .001 | ||||||
| <3 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 3–5 | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 2.1 (.8–5.4) | 2.0 (.8–5.3) | ||||||
| ≥6 | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 2.1 (1.2–3.5) | 2.1 (1.2–3.5) | 4.2 (1.8–9.9) | 4.0 (1.7–9.5) | ||||||
| Frequency of sexual act per week, past 6 months | .73 | .01 | .48 | .26 | ||||||||
| <4 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| ≥4 | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.1) | ||||||||
| Condom use with vaginal sex, past 6 months | .29 | .10 | .38 | |||||||||
| Always | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Sometimes/Never | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | |||||||||
| Not applicable/Not having sex this route | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.0 (.97–1.0) | |||||||||
| History of STIs | .18 | .12 | .065 | .19 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 (.99–1.0) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | 1.1 (.99–1.3) | 1.1 (.9–1.4) | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted prevalence ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV 16/18, human papillomavirus types 16 and/or 18; HR-HPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection; WHO, World Health Organization.