Table 1.
Child, Caregiver, and Family Characteristics at Entry by Cohort
| Characteristic | Cohort | Total, n = 611 | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV+, n = 246 | HEU, n = 183 | HUU, n = 182 | ||||
| Sex | Male | 111 (45%) | 95 (52%) | 84 (46%) | 290 (47%) | .347a |
| Race | Black African | 242 (98%) | 176 (96%) | 150 (82%) | 568 (93%) | <.001a |
| Mixed/White/Other | 4 (2%) | 7 (4%) | 32 (18%) | 43 (7%) | ||
| Age, years | Mean (SD) | 7.1 (1.2) | 7.3 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.2 (1.4) | .963b |
| <6 years | 41 (17%) | 36 (20%) | 35 (19%) | 112 (18%) | .872a | |
| 6 to <7 years | 83 (34%) | 64 (35%) | 64 (35%) | 211 (35%) | ||
| ≥7 years | 122 (50%) | 83 (45%) | 83 (46%) | 288 (47%) | ||
| In school at time of KABC-II test | No | 69 (29%) | 60 (34%) | 53 (30%) | 182 (31%) | .654a |
| Yes | 166 (71%) | 119 (66%) | 121 (70%) | 406 (69%) | ||
| Unknown/NA | 11 | 4 | 8 | 23 | ||
| WHOc height z-score | Mean (SD) | −1.04 (.97) | −.38 (1.03) | −.43 (1.06) | −.66 (1.06) | <.001 b |
| MICS4 disability score | Mean (SD) | 8.78 (11.51) | 3.50 (6.61) | 3.57 (6.56) | 5.65 (9.25) | <.001b |
| 0, no disability | 124 (50%) | 135 (74%) | 133 (73%) | 392 (64%) | <.001a | |
| 1, some disability, ≤10 | 68 (28%) | 35 (19%) | 35 (19%) | 138 (23%) | ||
| 2, disability, >10 | 54 (22%) | 13 (7%) | 14 (8%) | 81 (13%) | ||
| MICS4 development score | Mean (SD) | 73.04 (18.02) | 76.87 (16.39) | 74.87 (16.48) | 74.73 (17.14) | .145b |
| 1, lowest quintile | 62 (25%) | 29 (16%) | 37 (20%) | 128 (21%) | .396a | |
| 2, second quintile | 34 (14%) | 31 (17%) | 28 (15%) | 93 (15%) | ||
| 3, third quintile | 51 (21%) | 43 (23%) | 46 (25%) | 140 (23%) | ||
| 4, fourth quintile | 66 (27%) | 46 (25%) | 46 (25%) | 158 (26%) | ||
| 5, highest quintile | 33 (13%) | 34 (19%) | 25 (14%) | 92 (15%) | ||
| Caregiver is biological mother | No | 37 (15%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 39 (6%) | <.001a |
| Yes | 209 (85%) | 181 (99%) | 182 (100%) | 572 (94%) | ||
| Caregiver for less than 5 years | No | 223 (91%) | 169 (92%) | 171 (94%) | 563 (92%) | .451a |
| Yes | 23 (9%) | 14 (8%) | 11 (6%) | 48 (8%) | ||
| HIV status of primary caregiver | Uninfected | 10 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 182 (100%) | 193 (32%) | <.001a |
| Living with HIV | 230 (96%) | 182 (99%) | 0 (0%) | 412 (68%) | ||
| Not reported | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | ||
| Caregiver mean HSCL-25 Anxiety score | Mean (SD) | 1.59 (.55) | 1.66 (.64) | 1.65 (.58) | 1.63 (.59) | .685b |
| Caregiver mean HSCL-25 Depression score | Mean (SD) | 1.81 (.64) | 1.75 (.64) | 1.75 (.63) | 1.78 (.63) | .479b |
| Current residential zone | Rural | 51 (21%) | 29 (16%) | 29 (16%) | 109 (18%) | .634a |
| Peri-urban | 103 (42%) | 81 (44%) | 84 (46%) | 268 (44%) | ||
| Urban | 92 (37%) | 73 (40%) | 69 (38%) | 234 (38%) | ||
| Major income source | Mother | 84 (34%) | 54 (30%) | 45 (25%) | 183 (30%) | <.001a |
| Father | 73 (30%) | 71 (39%) | 91 (50%) | 235 (39%) | ||
| Social grant | 56 (23%) | 47 (26%) | 27 (15%) | 130 (21%) | ||
| Other person/source | 33 (13%) | 10 (5%) | 19 (10%) | 62 (10%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Socio-economic index | Median (Q1, Q3) | 6.0 (4.4, 7.6) | 5.7 (4.8, 7.4) | 6.2 (4.7, 7.9) | 6.0 (4.6, 7.6) | .326b |
Statistical probability (P values) for statistical significance differences at study entry are also presented.
Abbreviations: HEU, cohort of people exposed to HIV but uninfected; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HIV+, cohort of people living with HIV; HSCL-25, 25-item Hopkins Symptoms Checklist; HUU, cohort of people unexposed to HIV and uninfected; MICS4, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, fourth edition; NA, not available; Q, quartiles; SD, standard deviation; WHO, World Health Organization.
aChi-square test.
bKruskal–Wallis test.
cWHO growth norms 2012.