Table 3.
Global Scores: Adjusted Means and 95% Confidence Intervals by Group and Week
| Global Test Scores | Cohort | Week 0 | Change, Week 0–Week 48 | Change, Week 48–Week 96 | F-Test P Values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LS Mean (95% CI) | Pairwise | LS Mean (95% CI) | P Value | LS Mean (95% CI) | P Value | Cohort | Cohort by Week | ||
| KABC-II nonverbal index | HIV+ | 72.64 (70.92–74.36) | … | −.42 (−1.58 to .74) | .48 | −.91 (−1.95 to .14) | .09 | <.001* | .45 |
| HEU | 77.14 (74.96–79.32) | + | −.53 (−1.84 to .78) | .43 | −1.86 (−2.97 to −.75) | .001* | |||
| HUU | 77.87 (75.78–79.96) | + | −1.16 (−2.39 to .07) | .07 | −1.76 (−3.02 to .50) | .01* | |||
| KABC-II mental processing index | HIV+ | 73.70 (72.11–75.30) | … | .40 (−.64 to 1.45) | .45 | −1.48 (−2.30 to −.66) | <.001* | <.001* | .75 |
| HEU | 77.31 (75.19–79.44) | + | −.27 (−1.57 to 1.04) | .69 | −1.79 (−2.79 to −.80) | <.001* | |||
| HUU | 79.01 (76.92–81.11) | + | .24 (−1.23 to 1.72) | .74 | −2.14 (−3.19 to −1.10) | <.001* | |||
| BOT-2: total score | HIV+ | 47.47 (46.27–48.67) | … | −.82 (−1.61 to −.02) | .04* | .82 (.10–1.54) | .03* | <.001* | .05 |
| HEU | 50.69 (49.30–52.08) | + | .33 (−.66 to 1.31) | .52 | 1.59 (.66–2.52) | <.001* | |||
| HUU | 50.96 (49.52–52.40) | + | −.40 (−1.33 to .54) | .40 | 1.28 (.43–2.14) | .003* | |||
| BRIEF: global executive composite | HIV+ | 53.72 (51.59–55.85) | … | 5.28 (3.81–6.76) | <.001* | −1.04 (−2.36 to .28) | .12 | .13 | <.001* |
| HEU | 54.22 (51.79–56.66) | … | 2.24 (.57–3.90) | .01* | 1.86 (.32 to 3.40) | .02* | |||
| HUU | 52.86 (50.48–55.24) | … | .55 (−.82 to 1.91) | .43 | .85 (−.58 to 2.28) | .24 | |||
| TOVA ADHD | HIV+ | −.95 (−1.47 to −.43) | … | −.85 (−1.23 to −.46) | <.001* | −.11 (−.48 to .25) | .54 | .03* | .04* |
| HEU | −.09 (−.70 to .52) | + | −.03 (−.46 to .39) | .88 | −.28 (−.60 to .05) | .09 | |||
| HUU | −.28 (−.86 to .31) | + | −.70 (−1.10 to −.30) | <.001* | −.24 (−.59 to .11) | .18 | |||
| TOVA D-prime standard score | HIV+ | 81.76 (79.63–83.88) | … | −3.44 (−5.19 to −1.69) | <.001* | −1.91 (−3.33 to −.49) | .01* | .004* | .02* |
| HEU | 86.17 (83.68–88.67) | + | −.81 (−2.75 to 1.12) | .41 | .02 (−1.70 to 1.74) | .98 | |||
| HUU | 86.39 (84.01–88.78) | + | −2.88 (−5.05 to −.70) | .01* | .30 (−1.70 to 2.30) | .77 |
Data include changes from Week 0 to Week 48 and from Week 48 to Week 96. Results were adjusted for site; sex and age at entry; WHO height for age z-score; school status; caregiver relation; residential zone; length of time with caregiver; socioeconomic index; and MICS disability and development. Change represents the within-cohort change between noted weeks (eg, Week 0–Week 48, Week 48–Week 96). Pairwise + indicates a specified cohort (HEU or HUU) performance was significantly better than that of the HIV+ cohort at Week 0. *P < .05.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder; BOT-2, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test for motor proficiency, second edition; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function; CI, confidence interval; D-prime, overall test performance; HEU, cohort of people exposed to HIV but uninfected; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HIV+, cohort of people living with HIV; HUU, cohort of people unexposed to HIV and uninfected; KABC-II, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, second edition; MICS, Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey; LS mean, least squares adjusted mean; TOVA, Tests of Variables of Attention; WHO, World Health Organization.