. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 22.

Published in final edited form as: Youth Soc. 2013 Feb 6;48(1):33–57. doi: 10.1177/0044118x13475827

Table 3.

Multilevel Regression Predicting Adolescent Delinquency by Community Violence Exposure and Promotive Factors (N = 2,980)

Fixed effect	Model 1		Model 2	Model 3		Model 4			Model 5
Fixed effect	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Intercept	.06	.07	−.24^***	.05	−.25^***	.03	−.29^***	.04	−.28^***	.04
Age			.12^***	.02	.05^***	.01	.05^***	.01	.05^***	.01
Male			.17^***	.04	.09^**	.03	.09^**	.03	.09^**	.03
African American			.34^***	.06	.10^*	.05	.11^*	.05	.10^*	.05
Hispanic			.38^***	.06	.21^***	.05	.21^***	.05	.21^***	.05
Asian			−.06	.09	−.12	.08	−.11	.08	−.12	.07
Other			.36^***	.10	.30^***	.08	.30^***	.08	.30^***	.08
Mixed			.44^***	.07	.23^***	.06	.23^***	.06	.23^***	.06
School poverty			.10^*	.04	.02	.02	.02	.02	.02	.02
Community violence exposure (CVE)					.56^***	.03	.64^***	.05	.66^***	.04
Future expectations (FE)					−.14^***	.03	−.08^*	.04	−.07^*	.04
Family warmth (FW)					−.22^***	.02	−.20^***	.02	−.22^***	.02
School attachment (SA)					−.19^***	.02	−.20^***	.02	−.19^***	.02
Neighborhood cohesion (NC)					−.05^**	.02	−.03	.02	−.05^**	.02
CVE × FE							−.19^**	.06	−.21^***	.06
CVE × FW							−.04	.04
CVE × SA							.03	.04
CVE × NC							−.04	.04
Random effect
Residual	.942^***	.024	.899^***	.023	.630^***	.016	.627^***	.016	.628^***	.016
Intercept	.062^*	.024	.014	.008	.001	.002	.002	.002	.002	.002

Goodness of fit	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
χ²	8315.93	8159.58	7087.71	7073.84	7076.53
Comparison model		1	2	3	3
Δ−2LL, (Δdf)		156.35(8)^***	1071.87(5)^***	13.87(4)^**	11.18(1)^***
Explained variance
Individual level		4.6%	33.1%	33.4%	33.3%

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.