Table 1.
Clinical features of COVID-19 patients with non-DM or DM.
| Parameters | Total (n = 288) | Non-DM (n = 264) | DM (n = 24) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IOR), years | 48.5 (34.3-62.0) | 47.0 (33.0-61.0) | 62.5 (55.50-64.75) | <0.0001 |
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| ≤30 | 44 (15.3%) | 44 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| 30-45 | 87 (30.2%) | 85 (32.2%) | 2 (8.3%) | |
| 45-65 | 116 (40.3%) | 97 (36.7%) | 19 (79.2%) | |
| >65 | 41 (14.2%) | 38 (14.4%) | 3 (12.5%) | |
| Female, n (%) | 157 (54.5%) | 143 (54.2%) | 14 (58.3%) | 0.695 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | NA | 10.8 (6.5-15.6) | NA |
| Types of diabetes | ||||
| Type 1 | NA | NA | 2 (8.3%) | NA |
| Type 2 | NA | NA | 22 (91.7%) | NA |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 84 (29.2%) | 68 (25.8%) | 16 (66.7%) | <0.0001 |
| CVD | 85 (29.5%) | 69 (26.1%) | 16 (66.7%) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 5 (1.7%) | 4 (1.5%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.343 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (2.8%) | 6 (2.3%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.084 |
| Chronic liver disease | 10 (3.5%) | 8 (3.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.174 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 201 (69.8%) | 181 (68.6%) | 20 (83.3%) | 0.131 |
| Chill | 55 (19.1%) | 52 (19.7%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.390 |
| Cough | 163 (56.6%) | 148 (56.1%) | 15 (62.5%) | 0.542 |
| Expectoration | 58 (20.1%) | 52 (19.7%) | 6 (25.0%) | 0.535 |
| Myalgia | 35 (12.2%) | 31 (11.7%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.480 |
| Fatigue | 43 (14.9%) | 40 (15.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.727 |
| Sore throat | 67 (23.3%) | 64 (24.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.192 |
| Headache | 26 (9.0%) | 24 (9.1%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.901 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 29 (10.1%) | 28 (10.6%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.316 |
| Diarrhea | 11 (3.8%) | 10 (3.8%) | 1(4.2%) | 0.926 |
| Respiratory rate > 24 breaths per min | 19 (6.6%) | 14 (5.3%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.003 |
| Unilateral pneumonia | 31 (10.8%) | 30 (11.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.274 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 241 (83.7%) | 219 (83.0%) | 22 (91.7%) | 0.269 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||
| White blood cell (×109/L) | 5.20 (4.14-6.44) | 5.20 (4.10-6.40) | 5.39 (4.62-7.12) | 0.840 |
| White blood cell count, ×109/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| ≤4 | 62 (21.5%) | 58 (22.0%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.825 |
| 4-10 | 216 (75.0%) | 197 (74.6%) | 19 (79.2%) | |
| >10 | 10 (3.5%) | 9 (3.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.42 (1.04-1.96) | 1.42 (1.04-1.95) | 1.40 (1.07-2.16) | 0.314 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| <1.1 | 91 (31.6%) | 83 (31.4%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.848 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 194.5 (158-247) | 196.0 (160-247) | 186.5 (142-228.5) | 0.679 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 135.5 (123-147) | 136.0 (123-147) | 133.5 (121-145.8) | 0.656 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.97 (4.39-5.76) | 4.56 (4.16-5.52) | 7.95 (6.57-11.85) | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | NA | NA | 6.81 (5.91-7.95) | NA |
| HbA1c (No. (%)) | ||||
| <7% | NA | NA | 9 (37.5%) | NA |
| ≥7% | NA | NA | 15 (62.5%) | |
| Serum insulin (mIU/L) | NA | NA | 20.68 (11.82-36.55) | NA |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.13 (0.04-32.60) | 0.13 (0.04-33.55) | 0.097 (0.038-20.20) | 0.733 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 9.00 (8.00-22.72) | 9.00 (8.00-21.50) | 21.15 (8.25-47.09) | 0.039 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| ≤10 | 175 (60.8%) | 167 (63.3%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.004 |
| >10 | 113 (39.2%) | 97 (36.7%) | 16 (66.7%) | |
| D-dimer (μg/L) | 1100 (700-1700) | 1090 (680-1700) | 1190 (850-1770) | 0.198 |
| D-dimer (No. (%)) | ||||
| <1000 | 125 (43.9%) | 116 (44.3%) | 9 (39.1%) | 0.634 |
| ≥1000 | 160 (56.1%) | 146 (55.7%) | 14 (60.9%) | |
| Myoglobin (μg/L) | 15.00 (8.85-22.46) | 14.75 (8.70-22.25) | 19.00 (9.20-32.40) | 0.003 |
| Myoglobin, μg/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| <106 | 269 (97.1%) | 247 (97.2%) | 22 (95.7%) | 0.662 |
| ≥106 | 8 (2.9%) | 7 (2.8%) | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Troponin I (μg/L) | 0.004 (0.001-0.009) | 0.003 (0.001-0.009) | 0.008 (0.002-0.017) | 0.784 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 52.00 (36.00-80.00) | 52.00 (36.00-80.75) | 51.00 (38.00-78.00) | 0.351 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| ≤310 | 283 (98.6%) | 261 (98.9%) | 22 (95.7%) | 0.208 |
| >310 | 4 (1.4%) | 3 (1.1%) | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 61.80 (50.25-76.58) | 62.05 (50.05-76.68) | 60.00 (51.63-73.95) | 0.616 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.45 (14.30-34.50) | 22.40 (14.30-34.15) | 24.25 (14.50-52.27) | 0.889 |
| ALT, U/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| ≤50 | 254 (88.2%) | 237 (89.8%) | 17 (70.8%) | 0.006 |
| >50 | 34 (11.8%) | 27 (10.2%)) | 7 (29.2%) | |
| AST (U/L) | 18.35(14.9-25.63) | 18.20 (14.53-24.48) | 24.75 (16.88-44.50) | <0.0001 |
| AST, U/L (No. (%)) | ||||
| ≤40 | 256 (88.9%) | 240 (90.9%) | 16 (66.7%) | <0.0001 |
| >40 | 32 (11.1%) | 24 (9.1%) | 8 (33.3%) |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percent). Abbreviation: IQR: interquartile range; NA: not applicable; CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.