Table 1.
Patient and biological characteristics of COVID-19 patients according to the level of the severity. Ang, angiopoietin; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IL-6, interleukin-6; MV, mechanical ventilation; PE, pulmonary embolus; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; WBC, white blood cell count.
| Variable | Overall population (n=65) | Severe group (n=17) | Critical group (n=48) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 63 [56–69] | 61 [50–70] | 64 [58–69] | 0.207 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 45 (70) | 11 (65) | 34 (71) | 0.638 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 29.7 [26.8–33.5] | 28.5 [26.7–34.5] | 29.9 [27.0–33.1] | 0.726 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 34 (52) | 9 (53) | 25 (52) | 0.951 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 19 (29) | 6 (35) | 13 (27) | 0.547 |
| Severe obesity | 12 (19) | 3 (18) | 9 (19) | 1.000 |
| Smoking | 7 (11) | 1 (6) | 6 (13) | 0.664 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (26) | 3 (18) | 14 (29) | 0.523 |
| Coronary artery disease | 7 (11) | 0 (0) | 7 (15) | 0.176 |
| COPD | 3 (5) | 0 (3) | 3 (6) | 0.559 |
| Days from symptoms onset to hospital admission (days) | 6 [3–8] | 7 [2–8] | 6 [4–8] | 0.938 |
| WBC (mm−3) | 6800 [4700–8900] | 7650 [5350–9390] | 7300 [5200–9870] | 0.874 |
| Lymphocytes (mm−3) | 700 [600–1200] | 710 [600–1100] | 700 [598–1107] | 0.409 |
| C-reactive protein (mg L−1) | 109 [58–241] | 71 [51–137] | 145 [94–234] | 0.013 |
| Creatinine (μmol L−1) | 70 [51–175] | 68 [52–77] | 85 [61–183] | 0.085 |
| D-dimers (ng ml−1) | 1110 [770–2100] | 1065 [790–5915] | 1550 [770–5060] | 0.702 |
| Paco2 (kPa) | 4.53 [4.26–5.33] | 4.93 [4.53–5.20] | 5.07 [4.40–5.87] | 0.410 |
| Pao2 (kPa) | 10.13 [9.20–12.93] | 12.00 [10.00–15.87] | 10.67 [9.20–13.73] | 0.528 |
| Arterial lactate (mmol L−1) | 1.7 [1.3–2.4] | 1.8 [1.2–2.4] | 1.8 [1.6–2.2] | 1.000 |
| SOFA score | 5 [2–9] | 2 [1–4] | 7 [4–12] | <0.0001 |
| Cytokines (pg ml−1) | ||||
| TNF-α | 20.0 [16.2–33.9] | 16.5 [15.6–19.8] | 26.7 [16.7–35.5] | 0.006 |
| IL-6 | 87.3 [31.1–173.0] | 36.4 [27.2–112.0] | 88.9 [42.1–293.0] | 0.038 |
| Angiopoietins (pg ml−1) | ||||
| Ang-1 | 9408 [6583–11783] | 9642 [7650–12243] | 9018 [6461–11598] | 0.221 |
| Ang-2 | 3992 [2188–6731] | 3015 [2054–3473] | 4484 [2408–7169] | 0.025 |
| Ang-2/Ang-1 | 0.49 [0.23–1.11] | 0.22 [0.18–0.57] | 0.57 [0.29–1.14] | 0.028 |
| Duration of MV (days) | NA | NA | 22 [16–32] | NA |
| ICU stay (days) | 18 [8–31] | 5 [3–7] | 25 [14–34] | <0.0001 |
| Hospital stay (days) | 27 [14–38] | 14 [11–21] | 32 [18–43] | <0.0001 |
| RRT, n (%) | 19 (29) | 0 (0) | 19 (40) | 0.001 |
| Vasopressor use, n (%) | 19 (29) | 0 (0) | 19 (40) | 0.003 |
| ECMO, n (%) | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 4 (8) | 0.03 |
| DVT or PE | 5 (8) | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 0.023 |
| Discharge from ICU | 53 (82) | 17 (100) | 36 (75) | <0.0001 |
| Discharge from hospital | 52 (80) | 17 (100) | 35 (73) | <0.0001 |
| ICU mortality (%) | 12 (18) | 1 (6) | 11 (23) | 0.088 |