TABLE 1.
Effects of exosome stimulating factors and exosomal cargos on angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis resistance.
| Factors/Exosomal cargos | Function |
| miR-9 | Improves AATs resistance by releasing VEGF-enriched exosomes in HCC (Zeng et al., 2019). Promotes angiogenesis via targeting S1P1 (Yao et al., 2020). |
| EVs (e.g., MMP, IL-8, PDGFs, caveolin 1 and lysyl oxidase) from hypoxic glioblastoma multiforme | Promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis (Kucharzewska et al., 2013). |
| Exosomes from hypoxic colorectal cancer cells | Promotes angiogenesis via Wnt4-induced β-catenin signaling (Huang and Feng, 2017). |
| Exosomal lncRNA MALAT1 (YAP1 depletion in EC) | Increases the HCC cell invasion and metastasis via activation of ERK1/2 signaling (Li et al., 2020b). |
| Exosomal miR-135b | Promotes angiogenesis in gastric cancer via downregulation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) (Bai et al., 2019). |
| Exosomal miR-205 | Promotes angiogenesis in ovarian cancer via the PTEN-AKT pathway (He et al., 2019). |
| Exosomal miR-629-5p | Promotes EC tumor cell invasion by targeting PPWD1 and increases EC permeability via suppressing CELSR1 in lung adenocarcinoma (Li et al., 2020a). |
| Exosome from Hela cells | Increases endoplasmic reticulum stress in EC and breaks down the endothelial integrity via downregulation of ZO-1 and Claudin-5 by a miRNA-independent manner (Lin et al., 2020). |
| Exosomal miR-155 | Promotes angiogenesis via downregulating C-MYB and increasing of VEGF in gastric carcinoma (Deng et al., 2020). |
| Hypoxic exosomal lncRNA UCA1 | Promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth through sponging miR-96-5p to upregulate angiomotin-like protein 2 (AMOTL2) in pancreatic cancer (Guo et al., 2020). |
| Exosomal miR-19b | Associates with angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of cancer stem cells (Wang et al., 2020). |
| Exosomal circSHKBP1 | Promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis via sponging miR-582-3p to increase HUR expression in gastric cancer (Xie et al., 2020). |
| Exosomal circ-CCAC1 | Increases cell progression by sponging miR-514a-5p to upregulate YY1, and induces angiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma (Xu et al., 2020). |