TABLE 2.

The function of tumor cells and stromal cells-derived EVs.

Function	Cargo mediators	Origination	Target	Mechanism	References
ECs migration and/or proliferation	miR-24-3p miR-214-3p	TECs	ECs	Induce wnt/β-catenin pathway	Lombardo et al., 2018
Differentiation into CAFs	several miRNAs	Gastric cancer	Fibroblasts	Induce CAFs to secrete CXCL1, 8	Naito et al., 2019
	TGF-β	Prostate cancer	MSC	Upregulate α-SMA in MSC	Chowdhury et al., 2015
	TGF-β	Bladder cancer	Fibroblasts	Induce Smad pathway in fbroblasts	Ringuette Goulet et al., 2018
	miR-125	Breast cancer	Fibroblasts	Upregulate α-SMA in fibroblasts	Vu et al., 2019
	miR-1247-3p	HCC	Fibroblasts	Upregulate B4GALT3 leading to activated β1-integrin-NF-κB pathway in fibroblasts	Fang et al., 2018
ECM remodeling	LOXL2	EC	none	Directly ECM remodeling	de Jong et al., 2016
	mRNA MMP-1	Ovarian cancer	mesothelial cells	Upregulate MMP-1 in mesothelial cells	Yokoi et al., 2017
	mRNA MMP-9	Platelets	ECs	Upregulate MMP-9 in ECs	Janowska-Wieczorek et al., 2005
	ADAM 10	CAFs	several cancer cells	Induce RhoA-Notch signaling	Shimoda et al., 2014
	miR-139	CAFs	Gastric cancer	Suppress MMP-11 in gastric cancer	Xu et al., 2019
	Unknown	CAFs	Gastric cancer	Upregulate MMP-2 in gastric cancer	Miki et al., 2018
Coagulability	TF	Ovarian cancer		Hypercoagulability	Koizume et al., 2016
	TF	Platelets		Hypercoagulability	Freyssinet and Toti, 2010
VM formation	VEGF	TECs	HCC	Upregulate VEGF	Zeng et al., 2019

EC, endothelial cell; TEC, tumor associated endothelial cell; CAF, cancer associated fibroblast; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; SMA, smooth muscle actin; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; B4GALT3, β-1,4-galactosyltransferases III; ECM, extracellular matrix; LOXL2, lysyl oxidase-like 2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase; TF, tissue factor; VM, vasculogenic mimicry; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.