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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Virol. 2020 Aug 23;44:129–138. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.014

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Virus-modified EV alter the physiology of naïve and non-infectable (receptor-negative) cells. Cells lacking receptors for specific viruses can still be targeted by viruses through the incorporation of virus-modified cargo into EV (colored in yellow) emanating from an infected cell. This allows the virus to reprogram cellular signaling, gene expression, and metabolic state without de novo infection.