TABLE 1.
Sample demographic, health characteristics, labor processes, and outcomes
| Nulliparous (n = 665) | Multiparous (n = 616) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | n (%) | n (%) |
| Race | ||
| Caucasian | 580 (89.1) | 541 (89.6) |
| African American | 7 (1.1) | 13 (2.2) |
| Asian | 46 (7.1) | 35 (5.9) |
| Multiracial | 13 (2.0) | 8 (1.3) |
| Native American | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) |
| Native Hawaiian | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) |
| Married or partnered | 641 (97.7) | 597 (97.1) |
| ≥35 y of age | 148 (22.8) | 164 (27.0) |
| Gestational diabetes | 51 (7.7) | 39 (6.3) |
| Maternal height | ||
| <10th% | 50 (7.5) | 50 (8.2) |
| 10th%–90th% | 548 (82.4) | 490 (79.9) |
| >90th% | 67 (10.1) | 73 (11.9) |
| BMI | ||
| Underweight (<18) | 25 (3.8) | 23 (3.8) |
| Normal (18–25) | 442 (66.6) | 392 (63.8) |
| Overweight (25–30) | 131 (19.7) | 132 (21.5) |
| Obese (≥30) | 66 (9.9) | 67 (10.9) |
| Excess pregnancy weight gain by IOM guidelines | 19 (2.9) | 18 (3.0) |
| GBS vaginal colonization | 154 (23.5) | 147 (24.3) |
| Prelabor rupture of membranes | 21 (3.2) | 21 (3.4) |
| Gestational age at delivery | ||
| Early term (37–38 6/7 wk) | 84 (12.8) | 101 (16.6) |
| Term (39–40 6/7 wk) | 413 (62.7) | 371 (60.9) |
| Late term (41 w-41 6/7 wk) | 143 (21.7) | 112 (18.4) |
| Post-term (42 w +) | 19 (2.9) | 25 (4.1) |
| Birthweight by gestational age* | ||
| Small for gestational age | 30 (5.2) | 25 (4.6) |
| At gestational age | 472 (82.4) | 460 (84.4) |
| Large for gestational age | 71 (12.4) | 60 (11.0) |
| Fetal position at birth | ||
| Occiput anterior | 537 (90.9) | 544 (93.5) |
| Occiput posterior/occiput transverse | 54 (9.1) | 38 (6.5) |
| Intrapartum and postpartum processes and outcomes | ||
| Labor dystocia | 240 (36.1) | 130 (21.1) |
| Oxytocin augmentation | 176 (26.5) | 100 (16.2) |
| Amniotomy | 94 (14.1) | 59 (9.6) |
| Cesarean birth | 96 (14.6) | 36 (5.9) |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 105 (16.1) | 76 (12.5) |
| Neonatal intensive care unit admission | 57 (8.7) | 36 (5.9) |
| Apgar < 7 at 5 min | 13 (1.9) | 6 (1.0) |
Note:
*
Infants were designated small for gestational age if their birthweight was in the bottom 10th percentile for gestational age; infants were considered large for gestational age if their birthweight was at or above the 90th percentile for their gestational age.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IOM, Institute of Medicine.