Table 1. Hospital and Patient Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Total sample | Analysis of early and late periods | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Both periods | Early period, January 1-April 30, 2020 | Late period, May 1-June 30, 2020 | ||
| Patients, No. | 38 517 | 27 801 | 10 428 | 17 373 |
| Hospitals, No. | 955 | 398 | 398 | 398 |
| Patient-level characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 70.2 (15.5) | 70.9 (15.2) | 70.9 (15.1) | 70.9 (15.3) |
| Age range, y | ||||
| 18-45 | 2802 (7.3) | 1855 (6.7) | 691 (6.6) | 1164 (6.7) |
| 45-55 | 2891 (7.5) | 1912 (6.9) | 735 (7.0) | 1177 (6.8) |
| 55-65 | 5867 (15.2) | 3916 (14.1) | 1453 (13.9) | 2463 (14.2) |
| 65-75 | 10 283 (26.7) | 7621 (27.4) | 2903 (27.8) | 4718 (27.2) |
| 75-85 | 9863 (25.6) | 7445 (26.8) | 2776 (26.6) | 4669 (26.9) |
| ≥85 | 6811 (17.7) | 5052 (18.2) | 1870 (17.9) | 3182 (18.3) |
| Male sex | 18 888 (49.0) | 13 552 (48.7) | 5230 (50.2) | 8322 (47.9) |
| Mean Elixhauser score (SD) | 8.5 (11.0) | 8.8 (11.2) | 8.9 (11.3) | 8.7 (11.1) |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | ||||
| Iron deficiency anemia | 12 420 (32.2) | 9266 (33.3) | 3614 (34.7) | 5652 (32.5) |
| Blood loss anemia | 1574 (4.1) | 1159 (4.2) | 428 (4.1) | 731 (4.2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 9663 (25.1) | 7171 (25.8) | 2708 (26.0) | 4463 (25.7) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12 654 (32.9) | 9117 (32.8) | 3467 (33.2) | 5650 (32.5) |
| Coagulopathy | 2786 (7.2) | 2119 (7.6) | 784 (7.5) | 1335 (7.7) |
| Depression | 8188 (21.3) | 5876 (21.1) | 2194 (21.0) | 3682 (21.2) |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 14 139 (36.7) | 10 275 (37.0) | 3987 (38.2) | 6288 (36.2) |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 12 148 (31.5) | 8857 (31.9) | 3426 (32.9) | 5431 (31.3) |
| Substance use disorder | 1437 (3.7) | 1036 (3.7) | 379 (3.6) | 657 (3.8) |
| Hypertension | 29 335 (76.2) | 21 413 (77.0) | 8004 (76.8) | 13 409 (77.2) |
| Hypothyroidism | 8096 (21.0) | 5900 (21.2) | 2305 (22.1) | 3595 (20.7) |
| Lymphoma | 734 (1.9) | 591 (2.1) | 229 (2.2) | 362 (2.1) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 10 238 (26.6) | 7541 (27.1) | 2811 (27.0) | 4730 (27.2) |
| Metastatic cancer | 1456 (3.8) | 1092 (3.9) | 396 (3.8) | 696 (4.0) |
| Neurological disorder | 9048 (23.5) | 6615 (23.8) | 2555 (24.5) | 4060 (23.4) |
| Obesity | 10 100 (26.2) | 7156 (25.7) | 2702 (25.9) | 4454 (25.6) |
| Paralysis | 1938 (5.0) | 1396 (5.0) | 570 (5.5) | 826 (4.8) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 9899 (25.7) | 7430 (26.7) | 2952 (28.3) | 4478 (25.8) |
| Psychosis | 2578 (6.7) | 1887 (6.8) | 766 (7.3) | 1121 (6.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9832 (25.5) | 7346 (26.4) | 2760 (26.5) | 4586 (26.4) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 5352 (13.9) | 4042 (14.5) | 1455 (14.0) | 2587 (14.9) |
| Valvular disorder | 7723 (20.1) | 5778 (20.8) | 2099 (20.1) | 3679 (21.2) |
| Weight loss | 3528 (9.2) | 2661 (9.6) | 1036 (9.9) | 1625 (9.4) |
| Transferred from a nursing facility | 4244 (11.0) | 3034 (10.9) | 1690 (16.2) | 1344 (7.7) |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Medicare Advantage | 29 081 (75.5) | 21 716 (78.1) | 8047 (77.2) | 13 669 (78.7) |
| Commercial | 9436 (24.5) | 6085 (21.9) | 2381 (22.8) | 3704 (21.3) |
| Hospital-level characteristics | ||||
| Hospital size | ||||
| 0-150 Beds | 222 (23.2) | 63 (15.8) | NA | NA |
| 150-300 Beds | 336 (35.2) | 121 (30.4) | ||
| 300-450 Beds | 194 (20.3) | 88 (22.1) | ||
| ≥450 Beds | 203 (21.3) | 126 (31.7) | ||
| No. of ICU beds | ||||
| 0-20 | 319 (33.4) | 107 (26.9) | NA | NA |
| 20-60 | 346 (36.2) | 135 (33.9) | ||
| ≥60 | 290 (30.4) | 156 (39.2) | ||
| Hospital setting | ||||
| Urban | 892 (93.4) | 385 (96.7) | NA | NA |
| Nonurban | 63 (6.6) | 13 (3.3) | ||
| Hospital region | ||||
| Northeast | 264 (27.6) | 126 (31.7) | NA | NA |
| South | 285 (29.8) | 133 (33.4) | ||
| Midwest | 315 (33.0) | 113 (28.4) | ||
| West | 91 (9.5) | 26 (6.5) | ||
| Profit status | ||||
| Nonprofit | 705 (73.8) | 307 (77.1) | NA | NA |
| For profit | 139 (14.6) | 46 (11.6) | ||
| Other | 111 (11.6) | 45 (11.3) | ||
| Academic hospital | 154 (16.1) | 94 (23.6) | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; NA, not applicable.
a
Unless otherwise indicated, data are reported as number (percentage) of patients.