Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample distributed by gender
| Variable † | Men | Women | Total | t/z/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 81.9 ± 8.3 | 82.1 ± 6.2 | 82.0 ± 7.0 | −0.673 | 0.501 |
| Marital status, n (%) | 122.186 | <0.001 | |||
| Single ‡ | 386 (50.0) | 1018 (73.7) | 1404 (65.2) | ||
| Married | 386 (50.0) | 364 (26.3) | 750 (34.8) | ||
| Education, n (%) | 30.431 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary school or below | 240 (31.2) | 564 (41.0) | 804 (37.5) | ||
| Middle and high school | 330 (42.9) | 572 (41.6) | 902 (42.0) | ||
| College/university or above | 200 (26.0) | 240 (17.4) | 440 (20.5) | ||
| ADL, n (%) | 7.539 | 0.023 | |||
| Independence | 320 (41.5) | 549 (39.7) | 869 (40.3) | ||
| Partial dependence | 380 (49.2) | 743 (53.8) | 1123 (52.1) | ||
| Dependence | 72 (9.3) | 90 (6.5) | 162 (7.5) | ||
| Perceived financial stress, n (%) | 5.179 | 0.159 | |||
| None | 638 (82.6) | 1136 (82.2) | 1774 (82.4) | ||
| Mild | 90 (11.7) | 164 (11.9) | 254 (11.8) | ||
| Moderate | 30 (3.9) | 70 (5.1) | 100 (4.6) | ||
| Severe | 14 (1.8) | 12 (0.9) | 26(1.2) | ||
| Self‐rated health | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 1.514 | 0.13 |
| Pain (NRS) | |||||
| 0 | 500 (64.8) | 664 (48.0) | 1164 (54.0) | 55.755 | <0.001 |
| ≥1 | 272 (35.2) | 718 (52.0) | 990 (46.0) | ||
| Perceived social support (MSPSS) | 58.5 ± 15.5 | 61.0 ± 14.9 | 60.1 ± 15.2 | −3.018 | 0.003 |
| Family | 22.4 ± 5.5 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | 22.5 ± 5.3 | −0.006 | 0.995 |
| Friend | 14.1 ± 7.4 | 15.9 ± 7.4 | 15.3 ± 7.5 | −4.984 | <0.001 |
| Significant other | 22.0 ± 5.6 | 22.5 ± 5.4 | 22.3 ± 5.5 | −2.061 | 0.039 |
| Depression (GDS‐15) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | −2.659 | 0.008 |
| <5 | 596 (77.2) | 1112 (80.5) | 1708 (79.3) | 3.013 | 0.083 |
| ≥5 | 176 (22.8) | 270 (19.5) | 446 (20.7) |
†
There are some missing values, the number of people included for analysis is in the table.
‡
Including single, widowed, divorced and separated.
NRS, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of pain; MSPSS, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; GDS‐15, the Geriatric Depression Scale‐15.
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) and n (%).
The bold values mentioned in the table reached statistally significance, P < 0.05.