Table 1.

Multivariate Regression Results Testing for HCBS Use Among Extremely Vulnerable Older Adults

	Model 1: all respondents (n = 601, p = .203)		Model 2: only respondents who report difficulties performing any IADLs/ADLs (n = 340, p = .922)
Covariate	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI
Enabling factors—informal support
Live alone	2.218**	1.237–3.975	3.067**	1.403–6.706
Any helper
No difficulties with ADLs/IADLs (ref—Model 1)	—	—	N/A	N/A
Any difficulties, no helper (ref—Model 2)	1.213	0.625–2.352	—	—
Any difficulties, has helper(s)	2.100*	1.004–4.392	1.867	0.981–3.553
Total help days in past month, 0–155	N/A	N/A	1.002	0.988–1.015
Enabling factors—other
Medicaid recipient	1.671*	1.102–2.535	1.196	0.697–2.051
Predisposing factors
Age, in years	1.023	0.997–1.050	1.023	0.989–1.059
Gender and marital status
Single male (ref)	—	—	—	—
Married male	0.372*	0.159–0.872	0.312	0.082–1.190
Married female	0.722	0.304–1.714	0.43	0.134–1.382
Single female	1.094	0.660–1.814	0.744	0.304–1.817
Race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic (ref)	—	—	—	—
Black non-Hispanic	1.61	0.939–2.758	2.21	1.001–4.876
Other non-Hispanic	1.23	0.501–3.019	2.268	0.687–7.482
Hispanic, any race	1.083	0.510–2.298	1.342	0.574–3.137
Education
High school graduate or above	1.364	0.841–2.212	1.303	0.765–2.222
Currently working	1.208	0.481–3.036	0.85	0.157–4.586
Need factors
Number of ADLs, 0–6	1.054	0.873–1.273	1.057	0.858–1.302
Number of IADLs, 0–5	0.921	0.720–1.178	0.964	0.752–1.236
Number of Nagi limitations, 0–12	1.027	0.911–1.157	1.003	0.842–1.195
Number of chronic conditions, 0–8	1.035	0.878–1.219	1.165	0.950–1.428
Cognitive impairment	2.173*	1.197–3.945	1.394	0.718–2.704

Note. ADLs = activities of daily living; FPL = federal poverty level; HCBS = home- and community-based services; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living.

*p < .05. **p < .01.