Table 2.
Odds of Limited Social Engagement by Self-reported Hearing Status
| Variable | Adjusteda odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Hearing status | ||
| No trouble hearing | Ref | |
| Little trouble hearing | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | .070 |
| A lot of trouble hearing | 1.37 (1.09–1.73) | .009 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 64 and younger | Ref | |
| 65–74 | 0.43 (0.36–0.51) | <.001 |
| 75 and older | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | |
| Female | 1.27 (1.10–1.46) | .001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.62 (1.33–1.96) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | .843 |
| Other | 1.56 (1.17–2.08) | .003 |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | Ref | |
| High school or vocational | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | .509 |
| More than high school | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | .675 |
| Income | ||
| <$25,000 | Ref | |
| ≥$25,000 | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | .451 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | Ref | |
| Widowed, divorced, never married | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | .546 |
| General health | ||
| Excellent | Ref | |
| Very good | 1.79 (1.41–2.27) | <.001 |
| Good | 3.42 (2.75–4.25) | <.001 |
| Fair | 7.09 (5.63–8.94) | <.001 |
| Poor | 12.14 (8.34–17.66) | <.001 |
| Functional limitations | ||
| No functional limitations | Ref | |
| IADLs only | 2.99 (2.51–3.58) | <.001 |
| 1–2 ADLs | 4.91 (4.19–5.77) | <.001 |
| 3–4 ADLs | 13.70 (10.31–18.20) | <.001 |
| 5–6 ADLs | 24.78 (16.89–36.35) | <.001 |
| History of depression | ||
| Never been diagnosed | Ref | |
| Diagnosed | 1.63 (1.39–1.90) | <.001 |
| History of dementia | ||
| Never been diagnosed | Ref | |
| Diagnosed | 1.43 (1.05–1.94) | .021 |
Note: IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; ADLs = activities of daily living.
aAdjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status, general health, functional limitations, history of depression, and history of dementia.