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. 2021 Jan 1;17(1):163–177. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.53671

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic illustration of exosome sorting. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) control the sorting of proteins into exosomes via adding PTMs. Tetraspanins (CD81, CD9, CD63) play a key role in the composition of ESCRT-independent exosomes. And lipid raft-mediated cargo including different lipids and lipid-related enzimes can be loaded into exosomes by the ESCRT-independent pathway. Mature miRNAs are sorted into exosomes via six potential modes: a) miRNA motif and sumoylated hnRNPs-dependent pathway; b) 3'miRNA sequence-dependent pathway; c) the miRISC-related pathway; d) membrane proteins-dependent pathway (e.g. nSMase2); e) other RNA-binding proteins related pathway (e.g. YB-1); f) other potential pathway (e.g. lipid raft). The stress-induced changes in exosomes can influence the composition of exosomes.