Figure 1.

Niche cells in initiation and aggravation of neuroinflammation. Diagram succinctly shows the course of neuroinflammation after TBI. The alarmin signals are released from damage tissue and, via activating corresponding receptors on glia cells, initiating microglia, as well astrocytes activation, followed with the cascade in enlargement of immune response with inflammatory factors releasing. And reciprocally, inflammation becomes chronic, long-lasting condition in during the crosstalk (function of peripheral immune cells has not been illustrated in this figure).