Table 1.

Table 1. Summary of Key Novel Studies on Amlexanox Conducted.

Authors	Study Design	Pertinent Results	Takeaways
Gonzalez-Hilarion et al (2012) [12]	Utilized screening to determine small molecules which can act as potential inhibitors. Administered to 3 derived cell lines with nonsense mutation and observed results.	Determined an increase in nonsense containing mRNAs in treated cells. Synthesis of full length, functional protein. Evidence that amlexanox rescues expression of nonsense-containing mRNAs.	Amlexanox should be further investigated to determine its effect on diseases caused by nonsense mutations. Has effect on potential conditions such as cystic fibrosis.
Oral et al (2017) [6]	Double-blind, placebo study of 42 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Length: 12 weeks	Patients administered amlexanox demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis. Increase in serum IL-6 levels at 2-4 weeks.	Amlexanox to be further examined as a potential therapeutic for NAFLD and type 2 diabetes.
Beyett et al (2018) [24]	Utilized both amlexanox and derived analogs to determine cellular effect on inflammation.	Determined that amlexanox likely inhibits kinases which affect chronic low-grade inflammation.	Amlexanox is promising therapeutic in treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity through its presumed mechanism of action.
He et al (2019) [3]	NAFLD mice models were established using 8-week-old mice, which were fed either high-fat diet (HFD) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) diets. All HFD mice administered either amlexanox or vehicle for 18 weeks. HFD+LPS mice were administered either amlexanox or vehicle for the final 6 weeks.	Amlexanox improved insulin signaling in hepatocytes through inhibiting inflammation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). IKKe was detected only in HSCs and was not identified in hepatocytes.	Amlexanox has the potential to improve the insulin signaling pathway in hepatocytes, which further demonstrates promise as a future therapeutic for metabolic disease.