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. 2020 Dec 23;20:380. doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-03173-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Dose-dependent cytotoxicity and anti-influenza virus activity of zanamivir and test items in MDCK cells. The cytotoxicity and anti-influenza virus activity of zanamivir (a), N-acetylcystein (b), bromhexine (c), ambroxol (d), thyme extract (e), and pelargonium extract (f) was analyzed in MDCK cells. The percentage of cell viability was used as readout for analyzing cytotoxic and antiviral effects. Cell viability was evaluated as the percentage of the mean value of optical density resulting from 6 cell controls, which was set 100%. Cytotoxic compounds have the potential to reduce cell viability. Influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (HK/68) and influenza virus A/Jena/8178/09 (Jena/8178) were included in the antiviral studies. Replication of both viruses results in a complete cytopathic effect of untreated MDCK cells thereby reducing cell viability. Effective compound/extract treatment enhances the percentage of cell viability. Means and standard deviations of at least three independent experiments are shown