Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of study subjects
| Entire cohort N = 179 | |
|---|---|
| Age, year | 63.2 ± 10.2 |
| Sex (male), % | 55.3 |
| Smoke, % | 21.8 |
| Alcohol, % | 16.2 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 16.2 |
| Hypertension, % | 66.5 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 82.7 |
| Gout, % | 7.8 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 4.0 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 98.2 ± 11.6 |
| Diabetic duration, years | 10.0 (5.0,15.0) |
| LTI, kg/m2 | 11.8 ± 2.3 |
| FTI, kg/m2 | 14.1 ± 4.4 |
| Diet habit, % | |
| Protein more than fiber | 13.1 |
| Fiber more than protein | 32.7 |
| Fiber equal to protein | 54.2 |
| Medications | |
| Novonorm user, % | 5.0 |
| Sulfonylurea user, % | 46.4 |
| DPP4-inhibitor user, % | 61.5 |
| Metformin user, % | 81.6 |
| Insulin user, % | 15.1 |
| Statin user, % | 49.7 |
| Microbiota | |
| Firmicutes, copies × 109/g | 5.31 (2.38, 8.65) |
| Bacteroidetes, copies × 109/g | 10.16 (4.39, 19.94) |
| Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes | 0.54 (0.24, 1.10) |
| C. leptum group, copies × 108/g | 7.69 (2.64, 13.37) |
| Bacteroides, copies × 109/g | 2.04 (0.94, 4.34) |
| Bifidobacterium, copies × 106/g | 1.77 (0.19, 10.65) |
| A. muciniphila, copies × 105/g | 0.15 (0.05, 175.52) |
| E. coli, copies × 108/g | 1.23 (0.34, 5.82) |
| F. prausnitzii, copies × 107/g | 10.69 (2.25, 31.40) |
| Laboratory parameters | |
| HbA1c, % | 6.9 (6.5, 7.9) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.7,1.11) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.9 ± 7.5 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.6 (4.3, 4.7) |
| Calcium, mg/dl | 9.3 ± 0.4 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 3.7 (3.3, 4.0) |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 5.9 ± 1.5 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 165 (144, 191) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 117 (83, 180) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; FTI, fat tissue index; LTI, lean tissue index. Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate.