Table 1.
Studies reporting an association between sex and outcomes after PBMV
| Author | Year | Study design | PBMV measure (follow‐up) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen et al 40 | 1992 | Prospective observational study of 147 patients (77% female) who underwent PBMV | Predictors of long‐term event‐free survival (patients without MVR, repeat PBMV or Death) (36 ± 20 mo) | Sex, cardiac rhythm, previous commissurotomy, baseline PAP/LAP, and MPG were not significant multivariate predictors of long‐term outcome |
| Hernandez et al 35 | 1999 | Longitudinal observational study of 561 patients (82% female) who underwent PBMV | Long‐term clinical and echocardiographic follow‐up (39 ± 23 mo) | Sex, age, cardiac rhythm, MVA pre‐PBMV were not significant multivariate predictors of long‐term outcome |
| Yetkin et al 34 | 2001 | Longitudinal observational study of 156 patients (78% female) who underwent PBMV | Comparison of pre‐ and post‐PBMV characteristics and outcome of male and female patients, 38 mo follow‐up | Restenosis rates were significantly higher among male than female |
| Palaciao et al 32 | 2002 | Prospective observational study of 765 patients (81.5% female) who underwent PBMV | Immediate and long‐term clinical follow‐up (4.2 ± 3.7 y) | Male sex, young age, pre‐ PBMV MVA, less degree of pre‐PBMV MR, absence of prior‐commissurotomy, Wilkins score ≤8 were independent predictors of immediate PBMV success |
| Ignacio Cruz‐Gonzalez et al 59 | 2009 | Prospective observational study of 1085 patients who underwent PBMV | Immediate and long‐term clinical follow‐up median 3.097 y (interquartile range 1.01‐5.65 y) | Predictors of PBMV success were age <55 y, male sex, NYHA classes I and II, pre‐PBMV MVA ≥1 cm2, pre‐PBMV MR grade <2, and Wilkins score ≤8 |
| Ignacio Cruz‐Gonzalez et al 46 | 2011 | Prospective observational study of 1015 patients (83% female) who underwent PBMV | Immediate and long‐term clinical follow‐up (median 3.1 y) | When compared to men and despite lower Wilkins scores, women who underwent PBMV had lower procedural success. |
| Bouleti et al 57 | 2012 | Prospective observational study of 848 patients (85% female) who underwent PBMV | Immediate and long‐term clinical follow‐up median 10.7 y (interquartile range 4.6‐15.8 y) | Predictors of poor late (after good immediate) results post‐PBMV were (among other factors) interaction between male sex and valve calcification. |
| Fabrizio et al 58 | 2014 | Prospective observational study of 439 patients (83.3% female) who underwent PBMV | Immediate and long‐term clinical follow‐up (11.7 ± 4.9 y) | Predictors of primary end point (the 20 y incidence of MACE) were: male gender, atrial fibrillation, Wilkins >8, and post‐PBMV MVA <1.75 cm2 |
Abbreviations: LAP, left atrium pressure; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; MR, mitral regurgitation; MVA, mitral valve area; MVR, mitral valve replacement; NYHA, New York Heat Association; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PBMV, percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplast.