Table 1.

effects of PPE for preventing highly infectious diseases in HCWs due to exposure to contaminated body fluids

Outcome	Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)		Grade
	Less protective (B/D)	Most protective (A)
Number of contaminated spots (on the palm)	B=17.83	A=7.72	Very low
Number of contaminated spots (on the palm)	D=20.49	A=12.76	Very low
Gowns versus aprons for preventing highly infectious diseases due to contact with contaminated body fluids in healthcare workers
Outcome	Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)		Grade
	Aprons	Gowns
Contamination: individual doffing	16.98 small spots	10.28 lower	Very low
Contamination: CDC doffing	1.88 small spots	0.62 lower	Very low
Single-step doffing compared to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance
Outcome	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Grade
	Risk with CDC standard	Risk with single-step doffing
Contamination	917 per 1000	898 per 1000 (688 to 1000)	Very low
Doffing with double gloves compared to doffing with single gloves
Outcome	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Grade
	Risk of doffing with single gloves	Risk of doffing with double gloves
Contamination: all body parts	733 per 1000	249 per 1000 (125 to 484)	Very low
Doffing with extra sanitation of gloves compared to standard no sanitation
Outcome	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Grade
	Risk with no sanitation	Risk with extra sanitation
Contamination: alcohol rub	667 per 1000	500 per 1000	Low
Video-based learning compared to traditional lecture
Outcome	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Grade
	Risk with traditional lecture	Risk with video-based learning	Very low
Skills in PPE donning	PPE donning was 47.4%	30.7% higher	Very low

Three types of PPE attire compared by number of contaminated spots: A=not permeable, not breathable; B=breathable; D=fairly permeable, not breathable