Table 1.
Statin use and in-hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
| Reference | Country | Type of study | Patients (total n) |
Mean agea (years) |
Statin (n/N) |
No statin (n/N) |
HR (95% CI)b |
HR (95% CI)c P |
Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. [18] |
China | Retrospective, multicentre | 4305 | 58 (66 vs 57), 65 vs 65 after 4:1 PSM |
45/861 (5.2%) |
325/3444 (9.4%) |
0.53 (0.38–0.73) |
0.58 (0.43–0.80), univariate after 4:1 PSM, P = 0.001 |
28-day mortality |
| Mallow et al. [19] | USA | Retrospective, multicentre | 21,676 | 65 | 1039/5313 (19.6%) |
3896/ 16,363 (23.8%) |
0.78 (0.72–0.84) |
0.54 (0.49–0.60), logistic regression, P < 0.001 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Krishnan et al. [20] | USA | Retrospective, single-centre | 152 | 66 | 57/92 (62.0%) |
35/71 (49.3%) |
1.68 (0.89–3.14) |
NA | ICU mortality |
| Rodriguez-Nava et al. [21] |
USA | Retrospective, single-centre | 87 | 68 | 23/47 (48.9%) |
25/40 (62.5%) |
0.57 (0.24–1.36 |
0.38 (0.18–0.77), multivariable Cox regression, P = 0.008 |
In-hospital (ICU) mortality |
| Saeed et al. [15] |
USA | Retrospective, single-centre | 4252 | 65 | 312/1355 (23.0%) |
782/2897 (27.0%) |
0.81 (0.70–0.94) |
0.88 (0.83–0.94), PSM, P < 0.01 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Gupta et al. [22] |
USA | Retrospective cohort (2 centres) |
All cohort: 2626, PSM: 1296 |
70/62, (69/71) |
NA/951, 96/648 (14.8%) |
NA/1675, 172/648 (26.5%) |
0.48 (0.36–0.64), univariate after 1:1 PSM |
0.59 (0.38–0.63), multivariable, adjusted, all cohort, P < 0.001 |
30-day mortality |
| Song et al. [23] | USA | Retrospective, single-centre | 249 |
62 (71 vs 54) |
27/123 (22.0%) |
15/126 (11.9%) |
2.08 (1.05–4.14) |
0.88 (0.37–2.08), fully adjusted, P = 0.781 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Grasselli et al. [24] | Italy | Retrospective, multicentre | 3988 | 63 (66 vs 61) |
479/741 (64.6%) |
1411/3165 (44.6%) |
2.27 (1.92–2.68) |
0.98 (0.81–1.20), multivariable, P = 0.87 |
In-hospital mortalityd |
| Rossi et al. [25] | Italy | Retrospective, single-centre | 71 | 72 (71 vs 73) |
9/42 (21.4%) |
10/29 (34.5%) |
0.52 (0.18–1.50) |
NA P < 0.05 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Bifulco et al. [26] | Italy | Retrospective, single-centre | 541 (123 deaths) |
65 (73 vs 63) |
NA/117 | NA/424 | NA | 0.75 (0.26–2.17), adjusted P = 0.593 |
In-hospital mortality [15] |
| Masana et al. [27] | Spain | Retrospective, multicentre | 1162 (after genetic matching) | 67 (73 vs 62) |
115/581 (19.8%) |
148/581 (25.4%) |
0.72 (0.55–0.95), univariate (after genetic matching) |
0.60 (0.39–0.92), competing-risks, P = 0.02 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Butt et al. [28] | Denmark | Cohort | 4842 | (73 vs 50) | 292/843 (34.6%) |
589/3999 (14.7%) |
2.57 (2.34–2.96), unadjusted Cox regression |
1.05 (0.89–1.23), fully adjusted | All-cause mortality |
| Alamdari et al. [29] | Iran | Retrospective, single-centre | 459 | 62 | 6/117 (5.1%) |
57/342 (16.7%) |
0.27 (0.11–0.64) |
NA P = 0.002 |
In-hospital mortality |
| Soleimani et al. [30] | Iran | Retrospective, single-centre | 254 | 66 | 17/66 (25.8%) |
51/188 (27.1%) |
0.93 (0.49–1.76) |
NA | In-hospital mortality |
n/N, number of deaths/number of patients; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PSM, propensity score-matching; NA, not available; ICU, intensive care unit.
a
Users vs non-users.
b
Univariate models (see Fig. 2).
c
Multivariate or adjusted models.
d
From ICU admission to hospital discharge.