Table 1.
Survey measures
| Construct | Measure |
| Sociodemographics (20 items) | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, current living arrangement, number of people living in household, relation, education, employment status, changes in employment due to COVID-19, household income, zip code and cross street |
| Medical variables | |
| COVID-19 status, exposures, symptoms and testing (10 items) | Adapted from the CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey V.0.357; Do you think you may have had COVID-19 but did not get tested for any reason? If yes, please specify (open response) |
| Health conditions and self-management (11 items) | Diagnosis of cancer (type, stage, treatment) or other chronic/serious medical conditions that require medical management at home; treatment delays due to COVID-19; How has COVID-19 affected daily management of your condition (open-ended)? What are your biggest concerns regarding your health/healthcare since COVID-19? |
| Caregiving status and experiences (38 items) | Since the beginning of the pandemic, have you provided care for someone in your household who had COVID-19 (1=yes, 2=no), cancer (1=yes, 2=no), a chronic/serious condition that required medical management at home (1=yes (specify), 2=no) or someone with a cognitive, physical or intellectual disability (1=yes (specify), 2=no)? What is their relationship to you? Nature and extent of caregiving activities; change in caregiving responsibilities as a result of COVID-19; How has COVID-19 affected daily management of your loved one’s condition (open response)? Is there someone who shares caregiving responsibilities with you (1=yes (specify), 2=no)? Caregiving challenges experienced as a result of COVID-19 (open response); unmet information, resource and support needs as a result of COVID-19 (open response); concerns about keeping the person you are caring for safe from COVID-19 (open response) |
| Mental health impacts | |
| COVID-19 Stress (9 items) | Top 5 COVID-19 stressors (open response); Perceived Stress Scale–4-item Short Form58 |
| General depression (4 items) | PROMIS Depression 4-item Short form59 |
| General anxiety (4 items) | PROMIS Anxiety 4-item Short Form59 |
| Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 (9 items) | PROMIS Psychosocial Illness Impact–Negative Scale (instructions reworded to refer to before and after COVID-19 pandemic); positive impacts/silver linings of COVID-19 pandemic (open response) |
| Social/relationship impacts | |
| Relationship changes due to COVID-19 (6 items) | Relationship satisfaction, conflict and criticism before and since COVID-19 |
| Social isolation (5 items) | Social isolation items from the Nottingham Health Profile60 |
| Health behaviour impacts—COVID-19 preventive measures | |
| Adherence to stay-at-home orders (5 items) | Does the area where you live have a stay-at-home order (1=yes, 2=no, 3=I don’t know)? To what extent do you currently follow the stay-at-home order (0=not at all to 10=completely)? How often did you leave your home in the past week, did you leave your home yesterday? Reasons. How many people did you come into contact with when you left your home yesterday? |
| Social distancing (10 items) | Degree of adherence to social distancing, attitudes and beliefs about the effectiveness of social distancing for stopping spread of COVID-19, perceived barriers and motivations for social distancing |
| Hand hygiene (3 items) |
Frequency of handwashing and hand sanitiser use, and beliefs about the effectiveness of hand hygiene for stopping spread of COVID-19 |
| Mask use (18 items) |
Use of face coverings, perceived barriers and motivations for mask use, and beliefs about the effectiveness of mask use for stopping spread of COVID-19 |
| Other measures (1 item) | What other steps have you taken to keep yourself and other members of your household safe from COVID-19? |
| Health behaviour impacts—lifestyle behaviours | |
| Alcohol use (4 items) |
Items from AUDIT-C61; Has your drinking increased/decreased/stayed the same since COVID-19? Since COVID-19, I have had trouble controlling my drinking (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) |
| Tobacco use (4 items) |
Two items on current smoking status and type and number of tobacco products smoked per day, taken from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey62; Has your tobacco consumption increased/decreased/stayed the same since COVID-19? Are you worried about being at increased risk of COVID-19 due to smoking (1=yes, 2=no)? |
| Exercise (1 item) | Since COVID-19, I am exercising more (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) |
| Diet (2 items) | Since COVID-19, I am eating more healthy foods; since COVID-19, I am snacking on more unhealthy foods (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) |
| Other impacts | |
| Aspects of life affected by COVID-19 (12 items) |
Degree to which COVID-19 has caused problems and/or resulted in positive changes with six different aspects of life (eg, work life, social life, home life, sex life, work–life balance and self-care) on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely). |
| Sleep (4 items) | PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 4a63 |
| Explanatory variables | |
| COVID-19 knowledge, sources of information and uncertainty (4 items) | Do you feel you know enough to keep yourself and others from getting COVID-19 (0=not at all to 10=extremely)? Sources of information about COVID-19 (10 items); Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale–Short Form64 |
| Individual coping strategies (20 items) | Brief COPE65 |
| Dyadic coping strategies (20 items) | Stress communication (4 items), partner response to stress (9 items), common dyadic coping (4 items) and dyadic coping evaluation (2 items) sections of the Dyadic Coping Inventory66 |
| Social connectedness and social supports (6 items) | How often in the past week did you spend time with someone who does not live with you? How do you keep in touch with others during the pandemic? How often in the past week did you talk to friends/relatives on the phone or video chat? Since the pandemic, how many individuals do you feel close to who live outside your household? Since the COVID-19 pandemic, how many individuals do you feel you can rely on for help if you needed something? Use of healthcare/community/government resources and supports. |
AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise; COPE, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced; PROMIS, Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System.