Table 2.

Associations of Anemia and Renal Function Measures with the Risk of DR^* (n = 1389)

		NPDR (n = 367)			PDR (n = 121)
Variables†	N	n (%)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡	P Value	n (%)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡	P Value
Anemia§
−	1197	306 (25.6)	Ref		79 (6.6)	Ref
+	192	61 (31.8)	1.75 (1.18, 2.58)	0.005	42 (21.9)	3.71 (2.23, 6.18)	<0.001
DKD severityǁ
Low/medium	1087	283 (26.0)	Ref		64 (5.9)	Ref
High/very high	302	84 (27.8)	1.11 (0.80, 1.55)	0.524	57 (18.9)	2.80 (1.78, 4.42)	<0.001
eGFRǁ
≥ 60	1330	351 (26.4)	Ref		103 (7.7)	Ref
< 60	59	16 (27.1)	1.12 (0.55, 2.26)	0.758	18 (30.5)	3.09 (1.43, 6.70)	0.004
UACRǁ
≤ 300	1100	285 (25.9)	Ref		65 (5.9)	Ref
> 300	289	82 (28.4)	1.18 (0.84, 1.65)	0.337	56 (19.4)	2.93 (1.86, 4.63)	<0.001

DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

^*These 4 variables were analyzed separately.

^†Units of variables: eGFR in mL/min/1.73m²; UACR in mg/g.

^‡Adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and medication on diabetes.

^§Additionally adjusted for DKD.

^ǁAdditionally adjusted for anemia.