Table 3.

The Joint Effects of Anemia and Renal Function Measures with the Risk of DR^* (n = 1389)

		NPDR (n = 367)				PDR (n = 121)
Variables†		N	n (%)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡	P Value§	n (%)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡	P Value§
DKD	Anemia
Low/medium	−	992	256 (25.8)	Ref		52 (5.2)	Ref
High/very high	−	205	50 (24.4)	0.99 (0.68, 1.45)	0.954	27 (13.2)	2.71 (1.59, 4.63)	<0.001
Low/medium	+	95	27 (28.4)	1.42 (0.85, 2.35)	0.181	12 (12.6)	3.49 (1.68, 7.23)	0.001
High/very high	+	97	34 (35.1)	2.38 (1.38, 4.09)	0.002	30 (30.9)	11.59 (6.12, 21.95)	<0.001
P for trend					0.003			<0.001
eGFR	Anemia
≥ 60	−	1174	301 (25.6)	Ref		75 (6.4)	Ref
< 60	−	23	5 (21.7)	0.90 (0.30, 2.66)	0.845	4 (17.4)	3.35 (0.98, 11.45)	0.054
≥ 60	+	156	50 (32.1)	1.71 (1.14, 2.57)	0.010	28 (18.0)	4.27 (2.49, 7.32)	<0.001
< 60	+	36	11 (30.6)	2.24 (0.92, 5.48)	0.076	14 (38.9)	13.33 (5.29, 33.57)	<0.001
P for trend					0.003			<0.001
UACR	Anemia
≤ 300	−	1002	256 (25.6)	Ref		52 (5.2)	Ref
> 300	−	195	50 (25.6)	1.10 (0.75, 1.61)	0.640	27 (13.9)	2.98 (1.75, 5.10)	<0.001
≤ 300	+	98	29 (29.6)	1.53 (0.93, 2.52)	0.095	13 (13.3)	3.80 (1.87, 7.74)	<0.001
> 300	+	94	32 (34.0)	2.29 (1.32, 3.96)	0.003	29 (30.9)	11.31 (5.95, 21.51)	<0.001
P for trend					0.002			<0.001

DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

^*The 4 variables were analyzed separately.

^†Units of variables: SCr in µmol/L; BUN in mmol/L; eGFR in mL/min/1.73m²; and UACR in mg/g.

^‡Adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and medication on diabetes.

^§ P for multiplicative interaction > 0.05.