Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and FASD clinical profiles between the four study groups
| Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | Monozygotic | Dizygotic | Full-siblings | Half-siblings | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 18 (9 pairs) | N = 78 (39 pairs) | N = 54 (27 pairs) | N = 18 (9 pairs) | N = 168 (84 pairs) | ||||||
| Gender (N pairs; valid %) | ||||||||||
| female-female | 4 | 44.4 | 10 | 25.6 | 7 | 25.9 | 2 | 22.2 | 23 | 27.4 |
| male-male | 5 | 55.6 | 10 | 25.6 | 11 | 40.7 | 4 | 44.4 | 30 | 35.7 |
| Mixed gender | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 48.7 | 9 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | 31 | 36.9 |
| Overall proportion of female subjects | 8/18 | 44.4 | 37/78 | 47.4 | 23/54 | 42.6 | 7/18 | 38.9 | 75/168 | 44.6 |
| Race (N; valid %) | ||||||||||
| Caucasian | 4 | 22.2 | 32 | 41.0 | 32 | 59.3 | 14 | 77.8 | 82 | 48.8 |
| African American | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Native American | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 10.3 | 2 | 3.7 | 1 | 5.6 | 11 | 6.5 |
| Hispanic | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 5.1 | 6 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 6.0 |
| Mixed race: combinations of above races | 14 | 77.8 | 34 | 43.6 | 14 | 25.9 | 3 | 16.7 | 65 | 38.7 |
| Age at Diagnosis (years) (N, valid %) | ||||||||||
| 0–3.9 | 4 | 22.2 | 30 | 38.5 | 17 | 31.5 | 2 | 11.1 | 53 | 31.5 |
| 4–8.9 | 12 | 66.7 | 28 | 35.9 | 22 | 40.7 | 9 | 50.0 | 71 | 42.3 |
| 9–19.7 | 2 | 11.1 | 20 | 25.6 | 15 | 27.8 | 7 | 38.9 | 44 | 26.2 |
| Sibling pairs raised together (N pairs; valid %) | ||||||||||
| yes | 9 | 100.0 | 39 | 100.0 | 26 | 96.3 | 9 | 100.0 | 83 | 98.8 |
| Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: 4-Digit Alcohol Rank (N, valid %) | ||||||||||
| Rank 3a: Exposure confirmed, amount unknown. | 8 | 44.5 | 30 | 38.5 | 26 | 48.1 | 6 | 33.3 | 70 | 41.7 |
| Rank 3b: Exposure confirmed, amount low to mod. | 4 | 22.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 4.8 |
| Rank 4: Confirmed and level high | 6 | 33.3 | 48 | 61.5 | 24 | 44.4 | 12 | 66.7 | 90 | 53.5 |
| Other Prenatal Risks: 4-Digit Rank (N, valid %) | ||||||||||
| Rank 1: no risk | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Rank 2: unknown risk | 2 | 11.1 | 8 | 10.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 11.1 | 12 | 7.1 |
| Rank 3: moderate risk | 16 | 88.9 | 70 | 89.7 | 54 | 100.0 | 15 | 83.3 | 155 | 92.3 |
| Rank 4: high risk | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.6 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Postnatal Risks: 4-Digit Rank (N, valid %) | ||||||||||
| Rank 1: no risk | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.6 | 1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.8 |
| Rank 2: unknown risk | 2 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 9.3 | 1 | 5.6 | 8 | 4.8 |
| Rank 3: moderate risk | 6 | 33.3 | 37 | 47.4 | 31 | 57.4 | 4 | 22.2 | 78 | 46.4 |
| Rank 4: high risk | 10 | 55.6 | 39 | 50.0 | 17 | 31.5 | 13 | 72.2 | 79 | 47.0 |
| FASD Diagnoses (N, valid %) | ||||||||||
| FAS | 4 | 22.2 | 1 | 1.3 | 2 | 3.7 | 1 | 5.6 | 8 | 4.8 |
| PFAS | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 6.4 | 3 | 5.6 | 2 | 11.1 | 10 | 6.0 |
| SE/AE | 8 | 44.5 | 15 | 19.2 | 12 | 22.2 | 5 | 27.8 | 41 | 24.4 |
| ND/AE | 4 | 22.2 | 48 | 61.5 | 23 | 42.6 | 9 | 50.0 | 84 | 50.0 |
| Sentinel Physical Findings/AE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 7.4 | 1 | 5.6 | 4 | 2.4 |
| Not FASD/AE | 2 | 11.1 | 9 | 11.5 | 10 | 18.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 21 | 12.5 |