Table 1.

Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and INF‐γ) measured in the different studied groups

Groups	TNF‐α (pg/mg)	IL‐6 (pg/mg)	INF‐γ (pg/mg)
control	99.90 ± 3.429	10.78 ± 0.1722	113.8 ± 8.448
LIR	109.4 ± 7.060	11.32 ± 0.2483	153.8 ± 3.545
AD	351.6 ± 9.975 a**b**	19.47 ± 0.4926 a**b**	453.8 ± 43.34 a**b**
LIR + AD	104.3 ± 11.48 c**	13.30 ± 2.049 a*b*c**	148.0 ± 4.147 a**b*c**

Data are mean ± SD (n = 6 for each group). a: control versus AD or LIR + AD, b:LIR versus AD or LIR + AD, c: AD versus LIR + AD. (*≤0.05, **<0.01). (AD = Alzheimer's disease, LIR = liraglutide and LIR + AD = liraglutide + Alzheimer), TNF‐α = tumor necrosis factor, IL‐6 = interleukin 6, and INF‐γ = interferon‐γ.