TABLE 3.
Hierarchical regression models predicting depressive symptoms and flourishing (n = 1,111).
| Depressive symptoms B, b (SE) | Flourishing B, b (SE) | |
| Model 1—only covariatesa | ||
| R2 change | 0.265*** | 0.234*** |
| F change (df) | 21.901 (18, 1,092) | 18.578 (18, 1,092) |
| Model 2—adding health behaviors | ||
| Intercept | n/a, 5.317 (3.266) | n/a, 5.211 (0.108)*** |
| Covariates | ||
| Age | −0.113, −0.625 (0.199)** | 0.074, 0.038 (0.019)* |
| Gender—Female | 0.039, 1.113 (0.754) | 0.073, 0.190 (0.071)** |
| Gender—Diverse | 0.039, 3.906 (2.565) | 0.028, 0.257 (0.242) |
| Ethnicity—Asian | 0.038, 1.827 (1.231) | −0.068, −0.304 (0.116)** |
| Ethnicity—Black | 0.009, 0.495 (1.454) | 0.043, 0.228 (0.137) |
| Ethnicity—Hispanic | 0.055, 3.641 (1.641)* | −0.045, −0.275 (0.155) |
| Ethnicity—mixed/other | 0.021, 0.730 (0.866) | −0.007, −0.024 (0.082) |
| Sample | 0.026, 0.734 (1.112) | −0.097, −0.256 (0.105)* |
| Unemployment | 0.035, 1.596 (1.122) | −0.070, −0.292 (0.106)** |
| SES | −0.227, −2.263 (0.270)*** | 0.264, 0.244 (0.026)** |
| BMI | 0.039, 0.082 (0.055) | −0.004, −0.001 (0.005) |
| Health condition | 0.141, 3.991 (0.741)*** | −0.038, −0.100 (0.070) |
| Antidepressant use | 0.112, 3.628 (0.833)*** | −0.066, −0.198 (0.079)* |
| Supplement use | 0.002, 0.033 (0.400) | 0.008, 0.012 (0.038) |
| Food allergy | 0.026, 0.900 (0.883) | 0.020, 0.064 (0.084) |
| Vegetarian | 0.012, 0.626 (1.285) | −0.001, −0.005 (0.121) |
| Alcohol | −0.001, −0.006 (0.285) | 0.008, 0.008 (0.027) |
| Smoking | 0.012, 0.563 (1.175) | 0.038, 0.166 (0.111) |
| Health behaviors | ||
| Sleep quantity | −0.379, −3.630 (0.970)*** | 0.020, 0.018 (0.025) |
| Sleep quantity quadratic | 0.321, 0.186 (0.058)** | −0.056, −0.011 (0.005)* |
| Sleep quality | −0.293, −3.788 (0.357)*** | 0.287, 0.344 (0.034)*** |
| Physical activity | −0.079, −0.526 (0.180)** | 0.147, 0.091 (0.017)*** |
| Raw FV | −0.036, −0.270 (0.210) | 0.109, 0.075 (0.027)** |
| Raw FV quadratic | − | −0.092, −0.014 (0.005)** |
| Processed FV | 0.048, 0.602 (0.330) | −0.052, −0.060 (0.031) |
| Fast food | 0.017, 0.560 (0.915) | −0.049, −0.151 (0.086) |
| Sweets | 0.048, 0.661 (0.359) | −0.003, −0.004 (0.034) |
| Soda | 0.012, 0.156 (0.337) | −0.025, −0.030 (0.032) |
| R2 change for health Bx | 0.115*** | 0.120*** |
| F change (df) for health Bx | 22.286 (9, 1,083) | 20.045 (10, 1,082) |
| Cross-validated R2 | 0.308 (0.073) | 0.308 (0.073) |
| Overall R2 | 0.380 | 0.354 |
“Sample” is identical to country. B, standardized regression coefficient; b, unstandardized regression coefficient; BMI, body mass index; Bx, behaviors; FV, fruits and vegetables; SE, standard error; SES, socioeconomic status from childhood and adulthood combined; continuous measures were all centered. Sample was coded 0 for psychology and 1 for MTurk. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. aModel 1 included just the 18 covariate variables from age to smoking (see Supplementary Table 5 for full model 1 results).