Table 4.

Assessment of risk of bias according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool.

Study	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Q9	Q10	Q11	Q12	Q13	% yes	Riskb
Cohort studies
Warr et al. (71)	✓	✓	✓	×	×	✓	×	✓	×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	55% (6/11)	Moderate
Watson-Jones et al. (75)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	82% (9/11)	Low
Afolabi et al. (77)	✓	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	?	✓	×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	68% 7.5/11	Moderate
Govender et al. (74)	✓	✓	✓	×	×	✓	?	✓	×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	59% 6.5/11	Moderate
Slyker et al. (79)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	×	✓	×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	73% 8/11	Low
Donders et al. (84)	×	✓	×	×	×	N/A	?		×	×	✓	N/A	N/A	25% 2.5/10	High
Cross sectional studies
Aduloju et al. (72)	✓	✓	✓	✓	×		?	✓	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	69% (5.5/8)	Moderate
Shayo et al. (73)	✓	✓	✓	✓	×	×	?	✓	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	69% (5.5/8)	Moderate
Case-control studies
Aderoba et al. (80)	×	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	N/A	N/A	N/A	80% (8/10)	Low
Nakubulwa et al. (70)			✓	✓	✓	×	×	×	✓	✓	N/A	N/A	N/A	50% (5/10)	Moderate
Randomized controlled trial
Schoeman et al. (78)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	?	✓	?	✓	✓	84% 11/13	Low
Odendaal et al. (76)	✓	✓	✓	?	?	?	✓	×	?	✓	✓	✓	✓	77% 10/13	Low

Studies included in this review were assessed for risk of bias according to JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) Critical Appraisal Tool, detailed in reference (66) and Supplementary Material 2. ✓, Indicates yes (1 point); ×, Indicates No (0 points); “?”, Indicates unclear (0.5 points). Risk^b: The risk of bias was ranked as high when the study score reached up to 49%, moderate when the study score reached from 50 to 69%, and low when the study score reached more than 70%. N/A, not applicable.