Table 2. Characteristics of study participants according to vitamin D status and sex.
| Characteristics | Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe deficiency | Deficiency | Insufficiency | Sufficiency | P value | Severe deficiency | Deficiency | Insufficiency | Sufficiency | P value | ||
| No. | 51 (2.3) | 1,280 (56.8) | 799 (35.5) | 123 (5.5) | 299 (9.5) | 2,392 (75.9) | 413 (13.1) | 48 (1.5) | |||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 8.8±0.8 | 15.8±2.6 | 23.6±2.7 | 34.3±4.7 | <0.001 | 8.5±1.1 | 14.3±2.6 | 23.5±2.7 | 34.6±3.8 | <0.001 | |
| Age (yr) | 68.3±10.0 | 66.5±7.9 | 65.2±7.6 | 66.7±8.5 | 0.002 | 66.1±8.6 | 63.8±8.0 | 64.0±8.0 | 65.1±7.9 | <0.001 | |
| Education (middle school or less) | 18 (35.3) | 577 (45.1) | 362 (45.3) | 72 (58.5) | 0.014 | 244 (81.6) | 1,776 (74.2) | 300 (72.6) | 25 (52.1) | <0.001 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.3±2.9 | 23.9±2.8 | 24.0±2.6 | 23.3±2.4 | <0.001 | 24.4±2.9 | 24.6±3.0 | 24.5±2.7 | 24.0±2.8 | 0.216 | |
| Current smoking status | 21 (41.2) | 328 (25.6) | 169 (21.2) | 23 (18.7) | 0.001 | 13 (4.3) | 35 (1.5) | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.002 | |
| Alcohol consumption status | 28 (54.9) | 822 (64.2) | 588 (73.6) | 87 (70.7) | <0.001 | 64 (21.4) | 795 (33.2) | 145 (35.1) | 12 (25.0) | <0.001 | |
| Regular exercise | 13 (25.5) | 536 (41.9) | 324 (40.6) | 50 (40.7) | 0.136 | 82 (27.4) | 752 (31.4) | 133 (32.2) | 25 (52.1) | 0.008 | |
| Antihypertensive medication | 15 (29.4) | 464 (36.2) | 279 (34.9) | 41 (33.3) | 0.680 | 122 (40.8) | 868 (36.3) | 128 (31.0) | 20 (41.7) | 0.042 | |
| Antidiabetic medication | 11 (21.6) | 203 (15.9) | 111 (13.9) | 13 (10.6) | 0.163 | 39 (13.0) | 287 (12.0) | 36 (8.7) | 2 (4.2) | 0.074 | |
| Month of blood collection | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| April | 24 (47.1) | 348 (27.2) | 116 (14.5) | 17 (13.8) | 131 (43.8) | 459 (19.2) | 52 (12.6) | 10 (20.8) | |||
| May | 15 (29.4) | 486 (38.0) | 257 (32.2) | 25 (20.3) | 120 (40.1) | 862 (36.0) | 122 (29.5) | 12 (25.0) | |||
| June | 11 (21.6) | 343 (38.0) | 298 (37.3) | 65 (52.8) | 37 (12.4) | 776 (32.4) | 164 (39.7) | 20 (41.7) | |||
| July | 1 (2.0) | 103 (8.0) | 128 (16.0) | 16 (13.0) | 11 (3.7) | 295 (12.3) | 75 (18.2) | 6 (12.5) | |||
| No. of remaining teeth | 18.5±9.5 | 21.6±8.5 | 22.9±7.5 | 22.1±8.6 | <0.001 | 21.1±8.8 | 22.4±7.8 | 23.0±7.3 | 22.8±7.3 | 0.022 | |
| PPD 4% | 8.2±16.1 | 9.3±13.5 | 9.8±13.9 | 8.1±13.1 | 0.579 | 5.5±10.7 | 6.3±10.1 | 6.4±9.8 | 6.7±9.5 | 0.645 | |
| CAL 4% | 36.4±25.9 | 29.2±21.9 | 29.1±21.1 | 26.7±19.6 | 0.146 | 18.3±17 | 18.4±16.4 | 18.3±16.0 | 19.5±14.1 | 0.956 | |
| BOP% | 10.1±17.2 | 10.2±14.7 | 11.6±15.4 | 12.5±16.5 | 0.152 | 8.0±11.2 | 11.0±13.9 | 11.8±15.2 | 12.1±15.3 | <0.001 | |
| Severe periodontitisa) | 17 (37.0) | 450 (37.2) | 269 (35.1) | 36 (31.3) | 0.544 | 60 (21.7) | 382 (16.8) | 69 (17.4) | 6 (13.3) | 0.207 | |
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
P values were obtained using analysis of variance for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PPD 4%: the percentage of sites with probing depth ≥4 mm, CAL 4%: the percentage of sites with clinical attachment loss ≥4 mm, BOP%: the percentage of sites which bled after probing.
a)The severity of periodontitis was defined based on Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontology criteria. Fifty-one participants were not classified because of insufficient records.