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. 2020 Dec 23;10:22373. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79450-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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S. mansoni egg-induced DNA repair. (a) Western blot analysis demonstrated enhanced expression of γH2a.x and Parp-1 in the colon of S. mansoni bisex-infected hamsters in comparison to single sex-infected controls. Representative blots are shown. (b) Induction of expression and activation of γH2a.x and Parp1 by SEA and HEK-IPSE is shown by western blot (stimulation 4 h). (c,d) Immunostaining of γH2a.x (blue) depicted nuclear staining (red arrows and arrowheads) in enterocytes of crypts in direct vicinity of S. mansoni eggs (*). Representative histologic section of the colon of a control hamster (c) and a bisex-infected hamster (d) are shown. Quantification of nuclear γH2a.x is demonstrated in Suppl. Fig. 10. Nuclear staining of γH2a.x in red, magnification 200×, bar 200 µm and 1000×, bar 20 µm. (e) The comet assay demonstrated enhanced DNA damage by SEA stimulation in SW620 cells. western blot.