Table 2.
(Sero-)prevalence studies on tick-transmitted Rickettsia spp. in domestic animals in temperate and cold regions of Europe.
| Country | Region | Year(s) of sampling | Method(s) | Positive/total | Prevalence | Comment(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HORSES | |||||||
| Sweden | NA | 2010–2011 | IFAT | 23/63 | 36.5% | R. helvetica used as antigen | (158) |
| DOGS | |||||||
| Czech Republic | NA | 2009–2012 | PCR | 0/19 | 0.0% | Dogs with fatal immunhaemolytic anemia | (150) |
| Germany | Nationwide | 2012–2014 | ELISAa | 469/602 | 77.9% | Dogs that never left Germany | (159) |
| Nationwide | 2012–2014 | Micro-IFAT | 568/605 | 93.9% | Same samples as in (159); clearly differentiable samples: 66.0% R. helvetica, 2.8% R. raoultii, 1.6% R. slovaca | (160) | |
| Brandenburg | 2013–2014 | PCR | 8/1,021 | 0.8% | Identified species: 7x R. raoultii, 1x R. felis | (151) | |
| Poland | North-Western Poland | NA | PCR | 0/100 (group 1), 0/92 (group 2), 0/50 (group 3) |
0.0% (group 1), 0.0% (group 2), 0.0% (group 3) | Group 1: healthy shelter dogs, group 2: suspected borreliosis, group 3: diagnosed babesiosis | (161) |
| Sweden | NA | 2010–2011 | IFAT | 17/100 | 17.0% | R. helvetica used as antigen | (158) |
| Switzerland | Zurich | 2005–2006 | Real-time PCRb | 0/889 | 0.0% | (142) | |
| Zurich | NA | Real-time PCRb | 0/884 | 0.0% | (162) | ||
| CATS | |||||||
| Ireland | Dublin | 2008 | PCR | 0/121 | 0.0% | (163) | |
| Sweden | NA | 2010–2011 | IFAT | 19/90 | 22.1% | R. helvetica used as antigen | (158) |
a
Commercially available, detects all spotted-fever group rickettsiae.
b
Specific for R. helvetica.
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFAT, immunofluorescence antibody test.