Table 3.
(Sero-)prevalence studies on zoonotic Babesia spp. in domestic animals in temperate and cold regions of Europe.
| Country | Region | Year(s) of sampling | Method(s) | Positive/total | Prevalence | Comment(s) | Referencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle (B. divergens) | |||||||
| Belgium | Central Belgium | 1988 | IFAT | 136/1,721 | 7.9% | (169)* | |
| Southern Belgium | 2010 | IFAT | 7/65 (spring), 13/65 (summer), 8/65 (autumn) |
10.7% (spring), 20.0% (summer), 12.3% (autumn) |
Farms with a known history of babesiosis or anaplasmosis | (170) | |
| France | Nationwide | 1988 | Blood smears / inoculation in gerbils | 374/424 | 88.2% | Animals treated for clinical babesiosis | (171) |
| Sarthe | 1991 | ELISA | 115/200 | 57.5% | Farms with clinical babesiosis during the last 5 years | (171) | |
| Ille-et-Vilaine | 2001–2002 | IFAT, in vitro culture | 19/19 (IFAT, group 1), 31/77 (IFAT, group 2), 19/19 (culture, group 1), 31/77 (culture, group 2) |
100% (IFAT, group 1), 40.3% (IFAT, group 2), 100% (culture, group 1), 40.3% (culture, group 2) |
Group 1: acute babesiosis, group 2: asymptomatic |
(172)* | |
| Mid-eastern France | 2001–2002 | IFAT, PCR | 18/254 (IFAT), 12/254 (PCR) |
7.1% (IFAT), 4.7% (PCR) | (173)* | ||
| Western France | 2007 | IFAT | 102/711 | 14.3% | (174)* | ||
| Germany | Bavaria | 1982 | IFAT, ELISA | 211/1,616 | 13.1% | (175)* | |
| Northern Germany | 1984–1985 | IFAT | 108/251 | 43.0% | Farms with history of babesiosis, includes vaccinated animals | (176) | |
| Northern Germany | 1988–1990 | IFAT | 0/212 (group 1), 0/354 (group 2), 8/200 (group 3) |
0.0% (group 1), 0.0% (group 2), 4.0% (group 3) | Group 1: Borrelia-positive animals, group 2: farms with suspected babesiosis, group 3: farms with history of babesiosis | (177)* | |
| Bavaria | 2002 | IFAT | 1/287 | 0.4% | (178)* | ||
| Hungary | Northeastern Hungary | 2005 | IFAT | 2/654 | 0.3% | (179)* | |
| Norway | Southern Norway | 2004–2005 | IFAT | 84/306 | 27.4% | (180)* | |
| Sweden | Southern Sweden | NA | Real-time PCR | 38/71 | 53.5% | Includes 39 cattle with symptoms of babesiosis | (181) |
| Switzerland | Jura Canton | 1981 | IFAT | 98/289 (April), 190/327 (July), 309/341 (December) |
33.9% (April), 58.1% (July), 90.6% (December) |
(167) | |
| United Kingdom | Scotland | 1976 | IFAT | 290/368 | 78.8% | Two farms which experienced babesiosis outbreak | (182) |
| Scotland | NA | IFAT | 2,522/22,044 | 11.4% | (183)* | ||
| Northern Ireland | 1978 | IFAT | 5,731/18,000 | 31.8% | (184)* | ||
| Scotland | 2014 | PCR | 0/107 | 0.0% | Farms with a known history of babesiosis or anaplasmosis | (185) | |
| SHEEP | |||||||
| United Kingdom | Scotland | 2014 | PCR | 11/93 | 11.8% | Identified as B. venatorum | (185) |
*
Included in meta-analysis of seroprevalence.
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IFAT, immunfluorescence antibody test.