Table 4.
Summary of existing pharmacological modulators that act directly or indirectly on RAAS and KKS activation during COVID-19
| Potential therapeutic | Formula | Targets | Mechanism of action | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resorcinolnaphthalein | C24H14O5 | ACE2 | A specific ACE2 enhancer | 171 |
| SL910102 | C30H30N6O | AT1 receptor | A unlabeled nonpeptide AT1 receptor antagonist | 172 |
| BMS-248360 | C36H45N5O5S | AT1 receptor | An antagonist of AT1 receptor | 173 |
| Losartan potassium | C22H22ClKN6O | Ang II | An AT1 receptor antagonist | 174 |
| Telmisartan | C33H30N4O2 | AT1 receptor | A long lasting antagonist of AT1 receptor | 175 |
| Methylprednisolone | C22H30O5 | Glucocorticoid receptor | Activate ACE2 and reduces IL-6 | 166 |
| TAPI-1 | C26H37N5O5 | ADAM17 | Block the shedding of several cell surface proteins | 176 |
| Noscapine hydrochloride | C22H24ClNO7 | Bradykinin | a non-competitive Bradykinin inhibitor | 177 |
| SSR240612 | C42H53ClN4O7S | B1R | A specific non-peptide bradykinin B1R antagonist | 178 |
| Icatibant acetate | C61H93N19O15S | B2R | A specific peptide antagonist of B2R | 179 |
| Fasitibant chloride | C36H49Cl3N6O6S | B2R | A selective nonpeptide bradykinin B2R antagonist | 180 |