Figure 2.

Engagement Correlates with Decreased Low-Frequency Power in Visual Cortex

(A) Pseudocolor representation of the regression weights optimally predicting spikes from fluorescence. Yellow lines: cortical area borders from the Allen atlas. Blue circle: Neuropixels probe location, from which the fluorescence signal used in (B)–(F) was obtained.

(B) Cross-correlation between multiunit activity (MUA) and fluorescence in visual cortex. Inset: zoom-in to the time period indicated by the dashed lines (bottom).

(C) Coherence between MUA activity and fluorescence. Each colored curve represents one mouse; the thick black curve indicates their average.

(D) Coherence of local field potential (LFP) and fluorescence.

(E) Average cross-frequency correlation between instantaneous MUA and fluorescence powers.

(F) Same as (E) but with LFP instead of MUA power.

(G) Schematic indicating pre-stimulus (quiescent period; yellow) and stimulus response (blue; 70–80 ms after stimulus onset) analysis periods. All trials started with a baseline of 1–5 s, during which animals had to remain quiescent for 0.5–2 s to initiate the appearance of a stimulus. After the stimulus appeared, a Go cue signaled the start of the response window. If the animals did not make a choice within the response window (1.5–5 s), a No-Go or Miss response was recorded.

(H) Pseudocolor representation of average fluorescence in a stimulus response window after presenting high-contrast visual stimuli in the right visual field. Black lines: cortical area borders from the Allen atlas. The black dot in the left hemisphere indicates a pixel chosen for analysis of visual cortical power.

(I–L) Single-trial calcium traces from representative Miss (I and J) and Correct Choice (K and L) trials. Yellow background indicates a quiescent period, during which there was no stimulus present and the animals held the wheel still. Light blue vertical line indicates stimulus onset; gray vertical dashed line indicates the Go cue (start of the response window). The brown traces below the blue fluorescence traces indicate the wheel movements.

(M) Ratio of visual cortical power spectra in Choice versus Miss trials in visual cortex, averaged over all experiments (n = 58 experiments from 15 animals; see STAR Methods). Shaded areas indicate SEM.

(N) Percent of Miss responses as a function of 3- to 6-Hz power.

(O and P) Same analysis as in (M) and (N) for MUA power in animals performing the same tasks with electrophysiology recordings (n = 11 experiments from 4 animals).

(Q and R) Performance of a logistic regression decoder trained on primary visual cortical population activity to detect the presence of a contralateral stimulus. There were no significant differences in decoder performance between Choice and Miss trials (Q), or low and high 3- to 6-Hz power in MUA (R) trials (p > 0.05; n = 5 experiments from 4 animals). Color indicates genotype; different glyphs indicate different animals. For one of the animals there were two sessions; the individual sessions are indicated in light gray; the colored glyph indicates their average. Dashed lines connecting two glyphs indicate paired experiments; the dashed line at 0.5 indicates chance-level decoding.

(S) Noise correlations, as inferred from the Fano factor of summed population activity, increase with increasing 3- to 6-Hz MUA power.

(T and U) There was no significant difference in decoder performance between trials with low or high Fano factor (T) or low or high 3- to 6-Hz LFP power (U) (p > 0.05).

See also Figures S1–S3.