Table 2.
Death by suicide hazard ratios for loneliness, living arrangements and perceived social support, in unadjusted and adjusted models for men and women in the UK Biobank study.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | |
| Men | ||||||
| Living arrangements (Cohabitating) | ||||||
| Alone | 3.57 (2.61 to 4.87)*** | 2.72 (1.93 to 3.82)*** | 2.35 (1.66 to 3.32)*** | 2.16 (1.51 to 3.09)*** | 2.14 (1.50 to 3.09)*** | 2.02 (1.40 to 2.93)*** |
| Non partner | 2.91 (1.80 to 4.73)*** | 2.11 (1.28 to 3.49)*** | 1.94 (1.17 to 3.20)** | 1.80 (1.08 to 3.00)* | 1.81 (1.09 to 3.01)* | 1.72 (1.03 to 2.88)* |
| Loneliness (No) | ||||||
| Yes | 3.20 (2.35 to 4.36)*** | 2.45 (1.77 to 3.40)*** | 1.71 (1.22 to 2.41)** | 1.43 (1.01 to 2.03)* | 1.39 (0.97 to 1.99)+ | |
| Emotional support (daily) | ||||||
| 2–4 times a week | 1.89 (1.11 to 3.21)* | 1.69 (0.99 to 2.88)+ | 1.51 (0.88 to 2.57) | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.21) | 1.25 (0.73 to 2.15) | |
| Once a week | 2.50 (1.59 to 3.92)*** | 2.21 (1.40 to 3.49)** | 2.00 (1.26 to 3.15)** | 1.62 (1.02 to 2.60)* | 1.55 (0.97 to 2.49)+ | |
| Monthly | 1.60 (0.98 to 2.64)+ | 1.45 (0.88 to 2.40) | 1.30 (0.78 to 2.14) | 1.08 (0.65 to 1.80) | 1.02 (0.61 to 1.71) | |
| Never | 1.86 (1.26 to 2.73)*** | 1.60 (1.08 to 2.36)* | 1.51 (1.02 to 2.22)* | 1.25 (0.83 to 1.87) | 1.17 (0.77 to 1.76) | |
| Women | ||||||
| Living arrangements (Cohabitating) | ||||||
| Alone | 1.58 (0.96 to 2.61)+ | 1.51 (0.89 to 2.54) | 1.21 (0.71 to 2.06) | 1.24 (0.72 to 2.12) | 1.23 (0.72 to 2.11) | 1.25 (0.72 to 2.15) |
| Non partner | 1.45 (0.76 to 2.79) | 1.24 (0.63 to 2.43) | 1.01 (0.51 to 1.99) | 1.03 (0.52 to 2.04) | 1.02 (0.52 to 2.02) | 1.03 (0.52 to 2.05) |
| Loneliness (No) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.49 (0.91 to 2.43) | 1.42 (0.86 to 2.34) | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.54) | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.50) | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.57) | |
| Emotional support (daily) | ||||||
| 2–4 times a week | 1.33 (0.70 to 2..54) | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.38) | 1.08 (0.57 to 2.05) | 1.04 (0.54 to 2.00) | 1.05 (0.55 to 2.02) | |
| Once a week | 1.21 (0.64 to 2.29) | 1.18 (0.62 to 2.24) | 0.97 (0.51 to 1.84) | 0.93 (0.49 to 1.79) | 0.95 (0.49 to 1.82) | |
| Monthly | 0.78 (0.35 to 1.74) | 0.78 (0.35 to 1.75) | 0.66 (0.30 to 1.48) | 0.65 (0.29 to 1.45) | 0.66 (0.29 to 1.49) | |
| Never | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.25) | 1.17 (0.58 to 2.34) | 1.00 (0.50 to 2.02) | 0.98 (0.49 to 1.98) | 1.00 (0.49 to 2.06) | |
*** p ≤ 0.001, ** p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.05, + p ≤ 0.1.
Model 1 univariable cox regression, model 2 adjusts for socio-demographic factors (sex, age, ethnicity, employment status, deprivation and highest qualification, ever had same sex relationship), model 3 is model 2 plus adjusting for health measures (number physical morbidities, ever depressed, on psychotropic medication, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking). Model 4 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for loneliness and living arrangements. Model 5 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for living arrangements and perceived social support. Model 6 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for living arrangements, loneliness and perceived social support.