Table 3.
Admissions to hospital for self-harm hazard ratios for loneliness, living arrangements and perceived social support, in unadjusted and adjusted models for men and women in the UK Biobank study.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | HR 95% (CI) | |
| Living arrangements (Cohabitating) | ||||||
| Alone | 3.14 (2.57 to 3.84)*** | 1.67 (1.34 to 2.09)*** | 1.37 (1.09 to 1.72)** | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.48) | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.48) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.34) |
| Non partner | 3.56 (2.70 to 4.70)*** | 1.77 (1.32 to 2.38)*** | 1.64 (1.23 to 2.20)*** | 1.44 (1.07 to 1.94)* | 1.44 (1.10 to 1.95)* | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.79)+ |
| Loneliness (No) | ||||||
| Yes | 5.32 (4.43 to 6.40)*** | 3.13 (2.57 to 3.82)*** | 2.01 (1.63 to 2.47)*** | 1.91 (1.55 to 2.37)*** | 1.74 (1.40 to 2.16)*** | |
| Per log day X Loneliness | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)+ | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)+ | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)+ | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)+ | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)+ | |
| Emotional support (daily) | ||||||
| 2–4 times a week | 1.95 (1.37 to 2.77)*** | 1.68 (1.18 to 2.40)** | 1.47 (1.03 to 2.10)* | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.02)+ | 1.34 (0.94 to 1.92)+ | |
| Once a week | 2.46 (1.82 to 3.32)*** | 2.01 (1.48 to 2.72)*** | 1.79 (1.32 to 2.42)*** | 1.69 (1.24 to 2.32)*** | 1.56 (1.14 to 2.14)** | |
| Monthly | 2.13 (1.58 to 2.88)*** | 1.84 (1.34 to 2.49)*** | 1.60 (1.18 to 2.17)** | 1.53 (1.13 to 2.09)** | 1.39 (1.02 to 1.90)* | |
| Never | 2.98 (2.38 to 3.74)*** | 2.16 (1.72 to 2.72)*** | 1.95 (1.54 to 2.46)*** | 1.86 (1.46 to 2.36)*** | 1.65 (1.29 to 2.10)*** | |
| Women | ||||||
| Living arrangements (Cohabitating) | ||||||
| Alone | 1.75 (1.44 to 2.11)*** | 1.67 (1.37 to 2.04)*** | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.44) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.28) | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.41) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.28) |
| Non partner | 2.00(1.60 to 2.50)*** | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.53) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.08) | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.17) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.08) |
| Loneliness (No) | ||||||
| Yes | 4.35 (3.60 to 5.13)*** | 3.25 (2.74 to 3.85)*** | 1.92 (1.61 to 2.29)*** | 1.93 (1.61 to 2.31)*** | 1.89 (1.57 to 2.28)*** | |
| Per log day X Loneliness | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)*** | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)*** | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)*** | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)*** | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)*** | |
| Emotional support (daily) | ||||||
| 2–4 times a week | 1.21 (0.92 to 1.60) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.56) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.31) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.21) | |
| Once a week | 1.52 (1.19 to 1.94)*** | 1.50 (1.17 to 1.92)*** | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.54) | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.52) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.35) | |
| Monthly | 1.26 (0.98 to 1.66)+ | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.67)+ | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.34) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.16) | |
| Never | 2.20 (1.76 to 2.76)*** | 1.94 (1.54 to 2.43)*** | 1.50 (1.19 to 1.89)*** | 1.49 (1.18 to 1.88)*** | 1.24 (0.98 to 1.58)+ | |
*** p ≤ 0.001, ** p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.05, + p ≤ 0.1.
Model 1 Univariable Royston Parmar parametric Hazard models, model 2 adjusts for socio-demographic factors (sex, age, ethnicity, employment status, deprivation and highest qualification, ever had same sex relationship). Model 3 is model 2 plus adjusting for health measures (number physical morbidities, ever depressed, on psychotropic medication, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking). Model 4 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for loneliness and living arrangements. Model 5 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for living arrangements and perceived social support. Model 6 is model 3 plus mutual adjustment for living arrangements, loneliness and perceived social support.