Table 1. Clinical, functional and intra- and periprocedural characteristics.
| Characteristics | Overall (n=130; 100.0%) | +PPM (n=30; 23.1%) | –PPM (n=100; 76.9%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | ||||
| Age, years | 80.4±6.2 | 80.5±6.5 | 80.4±6.1 | 0.898 |
| Female | 11 (8.5) | 1 (3.3) | 10 (10.0) | 0.455 |
| BMI | 26.6±4.0 | 27.6±3.9 | 26.3±4.1 | 0.119 |
| CAD | 91 (70.0) | 24 (80.0) | 67 (67.0) | 0.256 |
| Previous PCI | 53 (40.8) | 14 (46.7) | 39 (39.0) | 0.527 |
| Previous CABG | 17 (13.1) | 2 (6.7) | 15 (15.0) | 0.357 |
| Previous valve | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1.000 |
| Porcelain aorta | 10 (7.7) | 2 (6.7) | 8 (8.0) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 37 (28.5) | 7 (23.3) | 30 (30.0) | 0.645 |
| Arterial hypertension | 119 (91.5) | 28 (93.3) | 91 (91.0) | 1.000 |
| PHT | 92 (70.8) | 21 (70.0) | 71 (71.0) | 1.000 |
| PAD | 31 (23.8) | 7 (23.3) | 24 (24.0) | 1.000 |
| CVD | 25 (19.2) | 8 (26.7) | 17 (17.0) | 0.291 |
| Previous RRT | 7 (5.4) | 1 (3.3) | 6 (6.0) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 36 (27.7) | 8 (26.7) | 28 (28.0) | 1.000 |
| Functional data | ||||
| AVA, cm2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.471 |
| dPmean (mmHg) | 40.0±12.0 | 41.5±9.2 | 39.5±12.7 | 0.438 |
| logES_I (%) | 21.9±14.0 | 20.9±9.9 | 22.2±15.0 | 0.641 |
| NYHA III and IV | 93 (71.5) | 24 (80.0) | 69 (69.0) | 0.356 |
| Left ventricular function | 0.628 | |||
| Normal | 78 (60.0) | 21 (70.0) | 57 (57.0) | |
| Mildly reduced | 26 (20.0) | 4 (13.3) | 22 (22.0) | |
| Moderately reduced | 16 (12.3) | 3 (10.0) | 13 (13.0) | |
| Severely reduced | 10 (7.7) | 2 (6.7) | 8 (8.0) | |
| Rhythm | ||||
| AF | 57 (43.8) | 12 (40.0) | 45 (45.0) | 0.679 |
| Permanent | 41 (31.5) | 9 (30.0) | 32 (32.0) | 1.000 |
| Paroxysmal | 16 (12.3) | 3 (10.0) | 13 (13.0) | 1.000 |
| Any AV or BBB | 34 (26.2) | 12 (40.0) | 22 (22.0) | 0.060 |
| Any RBBB | 11 (8.5) | 8 (26.7) | 3 (3.0) | <0.0001* |
| Any LBBB | 15 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (15.0) | 0.022* |
| Procedurals | ||||
| Pre-dilatation | 67 (51.5) | 18 (60.0) | 48 (48.0) | 0.124 |
| Post-dilatation | 27 (20.8) | 8 (26.7) | 19 (19.0) | 0.442 |
| Resheath/recapture | 25 (19.2) | 4 (13.3) | 21 (21.0) | 0.436 |
| Implant depth—NCC (mm) | 5.1±3.0 | 5.2±2.8 | 5.1±3.1 | 0.892 |
| Implant depth—LCC (mm) | 6.9±3.1 | 7.0±3.7 | 6.9±2.9 | 0.890 |
| MSL (mm) | 6.6±2.6 | 6.7±2.7 | 6.7±2.5 | 0.853 |
| MSL-ID (mm) | 0.0 [–1.0 to 0.0] | 0.0 [0.0 to 1.0] | 0.0 [–1.0 to 0.0] | 0.976 |
| ID ≥ MSL | 39 (30.0) | 9 (30.0) | 30 (30.0) | 1.000 |
| ID ≥ MSLCa | 9 (6.9) | 4 (13.3) | 5 (5.0) | 0.210 |
| MSCT | ||||
| Valve oversizing by perimeter (%) | 23.1±4.9 | 23.0±3.8 | 23.1±5.1 | 0.929 |
| THV-d/LVOT-d | 1.3±0.2 | 1.3±0.1 | 1.3±0.2 | 0.983 |
| Annulus EI | 0.2±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.715 |
| LVOT-EI | 0.3±0.1 | 0.3±0.2 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.938 |
| Annulus/LVOT-EI | 0.8±0.5 | 0.7±0.4 | 0.9±0.6 | 0.124 |
| Aortic root (°) | 51.2±8.1 | 50.8±8.0 | 51.4±8.2 | 0.722 |
| Calcification AV total (AU) | 2,565 [1,785–3,896] | 2,536 [1,706–4,087] | 2,575 [1,813–3,886] | 0.806 |
| NCC | 991 [583–1,563] | 1,024 [680–1,586] | 958 [573–1,567] | 0.898 |
| LCC | 762 [420–1,156] | 618 [366–1,060] | 793 [424–1,173] | 0.412 |
| RCC | 763 [442–1,141] | 752 [467–1,168] | 767 [441–1,130] | 0.971 |
| Calcification LVOT (AU) | 63 [0–225] | 71 [0–207] | 56 [0–250] | 0.884 |
| NCC | 0 [0–71] | 0 [0–101] | 0 [0–65] | 0.542 |
| LCC | 0 [0–79] | 7 [0–89] | 0 [0–75] | 0.661 |
| RCC | 0 [0–7] | 0 [0–14] | 0 [0–6] | 0.256 |
| DLZ total (AU) | 2,756 [1,982–4,063] | 2,810 [1,865–4,169] | 2,756 [2,001–4,170] | 0.856 |
| NCC | 1,129 [673–1,629] | 1,091 [776–1,586] | 1,129 [610–1,639] | 0.941 |
| LCC | 797 [458–1,309] | 666 [366–1,136] | 930 [490–1,363] | 0.574 |
| RCC | 772 [467–1,201] | 778 [507–1,188] | 772 [447–1,251] | 0.815 |
| Severe DLZ total | 52 (40.0) | 13 (43.3) | 39 (39.0) | 0.677 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (interquartile ranges) or n (%). *, significant P value <0.05. PPM, permanent pacemaker; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; PHT, pulmonary hypertension; PAD, peripheral artery disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; RRT, renal replacement therapy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AVA, aortic valve area; d-, diameter; AF, atrial fibrillation; AV, aortic valve; BBB, bundle branch block; RBBB, right bundle branch block; LBBB, left bundle branch block; NCC, noncoronary cusp; LCC, left coronary cusp; MSL-ID, difference between membranous septal length and device implantation depth; Ca, calcified; MSCT, multi-slice CT; THV, transcatheter heart valve; LVOT-EI, eccentricity index of the left ventricular outflow tract; AU, Agatston Units; RCC, right coronary cusp; DLZ, device landing zone.