Table 3.

Detailed Description of Included Retrospective and Review Studies

Articles	Study design	Description	Age (years)	Sample size	Outcome pain measures
Ko et al. (2016)12	Retrospective: review/case report	Addresses barriers and key concerns from both the patient and physician prospective when using cannabis as a medical agent in the Canadian medical system; includes case study demonstrating the use of medical marijuana for neuropathic low-back pain	49	1	NRS, DN4, Freynhagen Pain Detect Questionnaire
Shmagel et al. (2016)13	Retrospective: population-based cross-sectional survey	Compares the prevalence of illicit drug use (including cannabis) among U.S. adults with and without cLBP	20–69	700	Comprehensive back pain questionnaire in the NHANES
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) (2016)15	Review	A literature review of clinical effectiveness, safety, and guidelines for cannabinoid buccal spray, which included five systematic reviews and one evidence-based guideline	N/A	N/A	N/A

DN4, Douleur Neuropathique in 4 Questions; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.